{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:12:47Z","timestamp":1785777167414,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R839278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R839278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007457","name":"JPB Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The environmental justice literature demonstrates consistently that low\u2010income and minority communities are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards. In this case study, we examined cumulative multipollutant, multidomain, and multimatrix environmental exposures in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin for the year 2015. We identified spatial hot spots in Milwaukee County both individually (using local Moran's I) and through clusters (using K\u2010means clustering) across a profile of environmental pollutants that span regulatory domains and matrices of exposure, as well as socioeconomic indicators. The cluster with the highest exposures within the urban area was largely characterized by low socioeconomic status and an overrepresentation of the Non\u2010Hispanic Black population relative to the county as a whole. In this cluster, average pollutant concentrations were equivalent to the 78th percentile in county\u2010level blood lead levels, 67th percentile in county\u2010level NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 79th percentile in county\u2010level CO, and 78th percentile in county\u2010level air toxics. Simultaneously, this cluster had an average equivalent to the 62nd percentile in county\u2010level unemployment, 70th percentile in county\u2010level population rate lacking a high school diploma, 73rd percentile in county\u2010level poverty rate, and 28th percentile in county\u2010level median household income. The spatial patterns of pollutant exposure and SES indicators suggested that these disparities were not random but were instead structured by socioeconomic and racial factors. Our case study, which combines environmental pollutant exposures, sociodemographic data, and clustering analysis, provides a roadmap to identify and target overburdened communities for interventions that reduce environmental exposures and consequently improve public health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2023gh000927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T09:14:21Z","timestamp":1714986861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cumulative Exposures to Environmental and Socioeconomic Risk Factors in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"John K.","family":"Kodros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Colorado State University  Fort Collins CO USA"},{"name":"Now at Clarity Movement  Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellison","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatobi","family":"Oke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University  Fort Collins CO USA"},{"name":"Now at Building Energy and Environment Division National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4774-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ander","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Colorado State University  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4106-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shantanu H.","family":"Jathar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Colorado State University  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheryl","family":"Magzamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins CO USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health Colorado State University  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.269.24.3140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"State of the Ar 2016","author":"American Lung Association","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538\u20104632.1995.tb00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7609"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00360m"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell M. L. McDermott A. Zeger S. L. Samet J. M. &Dominici F.(2004).Ozone and short\u2010term mortality in 95 US urban communities 1987\u20132000. (Vol.292 2372\u20132378).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.292.19.2372","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.6.855"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109903"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. (2023).California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment: California communities environmental health screening tool\u2014CalEnviroScreen (version 4.0). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/oehha.ca.gov\/calenviroscreen\/report\/calenviroscreen\u201040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Center for Air Climate and Energy Solutions. (2023).CACES land use regression data[Dataset]. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.caces.us\/data"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury R. Ramond A. O\u2019Keeffe L. M. Shahzad S. Kunutsor S. K. Muka T. et al. (2018).Di: Environmental toxic metal contaminants and risk of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. (Vol.362 p. k3310).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k3310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3310"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"252","article-title":"Childhood lead poisoning in Wisconsin","volume":"18","author":"Christensen K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wisconsin Medical Joural"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency. (2023a). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/gispub.epa.gov\/air\/trendsreport\/2023\/#home"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency. (2023b).Risk\u2010Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) data[Dataset]. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/edap.epa.gov\/public\/extensions\/EasyRSEI\/EasyRSEI.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency. (2023c).Toxics Release inventory (TRI) toxics tracker. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/edap.epa.gov\/public\/extensions\/TRIToxicsTracker_embedded\/TRIToxicsTracker_embedded.html?"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","article-title":"California communities environmental health screening tool, version 2.0 (CalEnviroScreen 2.0): Guidance and Screening Tool","author":"Faust J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105748"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"73","volume-title":"On the measure of concentration with special reference to income and statistics","author":"Gini C.","year":"1936"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7980"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882\u2010010\u20100159\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb040329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201004190\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.12.2794"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2023.128045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475\u20109276\u201012\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanphear B. P.(2005).Childhood lead poisoning preventiontoo little too late. (Vol.293 pp.2274\u20132276).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.293.18.2274","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.18.2274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475\u20109276\u20105\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887\u2010378X.2004.00312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000340300.87039.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940\u2010022\u201000934\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115591"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11654"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es104017x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517\u20106161.1948.tb00012.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8500"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7495"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","unstructured":"Paulson J. Wierschke M. &Kim G. J. H.(2016).Milwaukee's history of segregation and development: A biography of four neighborhoods. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/digital.library.wisc.edu\/1793\/78997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03647-7_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha R. Flacke J. Martinez J. &Van Maarseveen M.(2016).Environmental health related socio\u2010spatial inequalities: Identifying \u201cHotspots\u201d of environmental burdens and social vulnerability.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13070691","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13070691"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","volume-title":"Fifty\u2010fifth annual report","author":"Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818859116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf4491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. (2023).American community survey data tables[Dataset]. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/data.census.gov\/table"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. (2024).EPA's environmental justice screening and mapping tool (version 2.2). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/ejscreen.epa.gov\/mapper\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","unstructured":"Wisconsin Department of Health Services. (2014).Report on childhood lead poisoning in Wisconsin. Madison WI2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","unstructured":"Wisconsin Department of Health Services. (2023).Lead\u2010safe Wisconsin\u2014Healthy homes and lead poisoning surveillance system job aids[Dataset].Wisconsin Department of Health Services. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.dhs.wisconsin.gov\/lead\/hhlpss\u2010job\u2010aids.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000339963.78793.3d"}],"container-title":["GeoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2023GH000927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T01:57:44Z","timestamp":1716947864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2023GH000927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2023GH000927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2023gh000927","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/essoar.169264787.78038422\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2471-1403","2471-1403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-1403","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2023GH000927"}}