{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:49:05Z","timestamp":1790750945108,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The urban heat island effect exacerbates independent climate change\u2010induced shifts toward longer, stronger, and more frequent heat extremes. Environmental inequity, driven by a history of racially motivated urban planning policies, has led particular demographics to bear the worst impacts of urban heat exposure and thus also climate change. These impacts cause adverse health outcomes in the form of heat emergencies. Through a novel demographic and spatial analysis of heat\u2010related illness Emergency Medical Services data from Richmond, Virginia, this study investigates the relationships between heat health emergencies and intra\u2010urban heat islands quantified through three heat exposure metrics. We also evaluate the accessibility of built refuge from urban heat in the form of public transit infrastructure, libraries, and government cooling centers in relation to these emergencies. We found that heat emergencies are inequitably distributed among racial, age, and socioeconomic groups in Richmond, particularly among residents identified as Male, Black or African American, 50+ years old, and experiencing mental health, intoxication, and\/or homelessness. We found significant associations between the location of these heat emergencies and urban heat islands as estimated from remotely\u2010sensed surface and community science\u2010derived air temperature metrics, but not a co\u2010estimated heat index. We also found that available refuge facilities are insufficiently located to protect individuals with reduced mobility across areas with the highest number of heat\u2010related health emergencies. Community involvement in the mitigation and management of extreme heat threats, especially for those disproportionately impacted, is necessary to decrease the number of summertime heat illnesses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2023gh000985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T13:00:05Z","timestamp":1718974805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Heat Emergency: Urban Heat Exposure and Access to Refuge in Richmond, VA"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0681-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability University of Richmond  Richmond VA USA"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Richmond and Henrico Health Districts  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4946-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd","family":"Lookingbill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability University of Richmond  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Zizzamia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability University of Richmond  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7542-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability University of Richmond  Richmond VA USA"},{"name":"Groundwork USA  Yonkers NY USA"},{"name":"L. Douglas Wilder School of Public and Governmental Affairs Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5227-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Rosner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health Office of Emergency Medical Services  Glen Allen VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4746-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisy","family":"Banta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health Office of Emergency Medical Services  Glen Allen VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.0671"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"CAPA Strategies. (2021).Virginia foundation of independent colleges (VFIC) heat watch report and results summer 2021 Portland Oregon[Dataset].CAPA Strategies. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/osf.io\/3xvmg\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Climate change and extreme heat: What you can do to prepare","author":"Center for Disease Control (CDC)","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022AV000729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"City of Richmond. (2020).Richmond GeoHub[Dataset].City of Richmond. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/richmond\u2010geo\u2010hub\u2010cor.hub.arcgis.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61111244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"CSTE (Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists). (2016).Heat\u2010related illness syndrome query: A guidance document for implementing heat\u2010related illness syndromic surveillance in public health practice. CSTE September 2016 version 1.0. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/knowledgerepository.syndromicsurveillance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022\u201010\/SyndromicSurveillance_CSTEGuidanceDocument_HeatRelatedIllness.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888\u2010200412000\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471\u2010014\u20100014\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003208723-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cli8010012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201022799\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Manchester: From sister city to south Richmond","author":"Hughes M. G.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069\u2010010\u20109552\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Planning for urban heat resilience","author":"Keith L.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/jdmq9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524\u2010013\u20109850\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612\u2010018\u20100051\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23998083211039854"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC\u2010D\u201011\u20100228.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Environmental justice","author":"Maxim A.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249715"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021\u2010019\u201000395\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"NWS (National Weather Service). (2022).Meteorological conversions and calculations: Heat index equation. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/html\/heatindex_equation.shtml"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710845502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es2030438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/NS.22.3.e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC\u2010D\u201014\u20100107.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211658109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cli7010005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GH000234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/02486bd4-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2020).Decennial profile of general population and housing characteristics Richmond city Virginia. United States Census[Dataset].U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/data.census.gov\/table?g=040XX00US51_050XX00US51760&y=2020&d=DEC+Demographic+Profile&tid=DECENNIALDP2020.DP1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"USGS (United States Geological Survey). (2021).Earth explorer Landsat\u20102 level 2[Dataset].USGS. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6924a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"VDH OEMS (Virginia Department of Health Office of Emergency Medical Services). (2023).Virginia pre\u2010hospital information bridge and Virginia Satewide Trauma registry data requests. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/emergency\u2010medical\u2010services\/ems\u2010trauma\u2010data\/data\u2010requests\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040640"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cli5020041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2020.1759127"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","volume-title":"The health care costs of extreme heat","author":"Woolf S.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/26392125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.181756111"}],"container-title":["GeoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2023GH000985","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T05:10:23Z","timestamp":1730265023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2023GH000985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2023GH000985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2023gh000985","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-1403","2471-1403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-1403","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2023GH000985"}}