{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:30:16Z","timestamp":1793089816375,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006034","name":"University of Southern California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The challenges of human space exploration produce some of humanity's greatest technological and scientific advances, not excluding innovations in medicine. The microgravity environment causes a host of physiological changes, and exposure to dust on the Moon caused considerable pulmonary distress to astronauts during the Apollo missions. As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and other organizations prepare for long\u2010duration exploration missions to Mars, the hazards and consequences of the Martian surface need to be accounted for. This review investigates how substances analogous to hazardous components of Martian dust have caused disease in people on Earth. Because of its small grain size, dust on Mars is more likely to cause lung irritation, absorb into the bloodstream, and lead to diseases in astronauts. Toxic components of martian dust include perchlorates, silica, nanophase iron oxides, and gypsum in addition to trace amounts of toxic metals whose abundances are debated: chromium, beryllium, arsenic, and cadmium. Predicted effects of dust exposure ranges from asymptomatic to life\u2010threatening, with many substances being carcinogenic and most damage impacting the pulmonary system. The longer transit time for astronauts to return home makes the operations of performing emergency medical treatment more difficult and increases both the likelihood and consequences of developing chronic disease. Exposure mitigation needs to be prioritized; however, supplements may be taken to prevent disease from breakthrough exposures, and treatment regimens could lessen morbidity and mortality. Treatments and equipment need to be carefully considered and transported with the astronauts to be prepared for all possible scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2024gh001213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T05:34:37Z","timestamp":1739338477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Potential Health Impacts, Treatments, and Countermeasures of Martian Dust on Future Human Space Exploration"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1456-3528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin L.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy J.","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay N.","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert R.","family":"Raad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther J.","family":"Putman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann and HJ Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering University of Colorado  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea D.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office NASA Johnson Space Center  Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haig","family":"Aintablian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Medicine University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Hynek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado  Boulder CO USA"},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences University of Colorado  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:11481"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for perchlorates","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for silica","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"ToxFAQs\u2122 for beryllium","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3918.583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526\u2010020\u20100104\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"2011","volume-title":"Coal mine dust exposures and associated health outcomes; a review of information published since 1995","author":"Attfield M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409\u20101722ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JE02500"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526\u2010021\u201000136\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Silicosis (PMID 37603636)","author":"Baum L.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.13242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL066675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/394652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.23.4.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195137255.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JE004145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsse.2024.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00260.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1473550415000385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min11050475"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-31113-0_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es052301k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2022\u20100491\u2010OA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4076\/1757\u20101626\u20102\u20107768"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01437"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1473550413000189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JE004716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","volume-title":"Health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica","author":"Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","article-title":"Human exploration of Mars, design reference architecture 5.0. 2010","author":"Drake B. G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Aerospace Conference"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1555\/mars.2011.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JE002862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900369x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"II\u2010127","volume-title":"Clinical toxicology of commercial products","author":"Gosselin R. E.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0309167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20104274(01)00534\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653\u2010011\u20109438\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1467\u20104866\u201013\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.06.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5236.1368"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2011.09.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.10.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7679"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2006.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL085115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Advances in molecular toxicology","author":"Islam K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","volume-title":"Lunar dust toxicity: Final report","author":"James J. T.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","article-title":"An update on NASA's lunar dust mitigation strategy","author":"Johansen M. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Impact of Lunar Dust on Human Exploration"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","article-title":"What questions should we ask about the health effects of Mars dust? Lessons from the lunar dust experience","author":"Kerschmann R. L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dust in the Atmosphere of Mars and Its Impact on Human Exploration"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","volume-title":"Cadmium toxicity (PMID 30725651)","author":"Koons A. L.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092634"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03875"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL084407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3769134"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effects of cadmium on cadmium smelter workers","author":"Liu Y. Z.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945\u20105100.1998.tb01331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.12565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2010.529104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214\u2010024\u201001092\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_704_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","article-title":"Chemical, mineralogical, and physical properties of martian dust and soil","author":"Ming D. W.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dust in the Atmosphere of Mars and Its Impact on Human Exploration"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","article-title":"Forecasting dust storms on Mars: A short review","author":"Montabone L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dust in the Atmosphere of Mars and Its Impact on Human Exploration, Houston, TX, United States"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JE002791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JE004588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","article-title":"Gene cernan in the lunar module [photograph]","author":"NASA","year":"2017","journal-title":"NASA Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","volume-title":"Martian dust could help explain water loss, plus other learnings from global storm [photograph]","author":"NASA\/JPL\u2010Caltech\/York University","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","volume-title":"Safe on Mars: Precursor measurements necessary to support human operations on the martian surface","author":"National Research Council","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120410001725586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","article-title":"Summary of martian dust filtering challenges and current filter development","author":"O\u2019Hara W. J. IV.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conference presentation abstract 6016]. Dust in the Atmosphere of Mars and Its Impact on Human Exploration"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10001\u2010006\u20100003\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526\u2010022\u201000244\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Biogenic amorphous silica","volume":"21","author":"Rabovsky J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/am\u20102016\u20105408CCBYNCND"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.933.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31819d4778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","first-page":"986","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety","author":"Roscina T. A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190647926.013.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.47.12.815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2037273"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","article-title":"Martian dust and its interaction with human physiology: An emergency physician\u2019s perspective","author":"Sim P. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dust in the Atmosphere of Mars and Its Impact on Human Exploration"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866\u2010018\u20101325\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","volume-title":"Beryllium toxicity (PMID 36251820)","author":"Stearney E. R.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572\u2010015\u20100054\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","volume-title":"Safety data sheet Symbio kieserite. (V. 1)","author":"Symbio","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemer.2013.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2020.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02973"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Environment and silicosis in glass factories","volume":"12","author":"Wani K. M.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108232"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for chromium","author":"Wilbur S.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01598"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995\u2010017\u20100161\u2010x"}],"container-title":["GeoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2024GH001213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T17:22:10Z","timestamp":1744478530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2024GH001213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2024GH001213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2024gh001213","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/au.172737955.56568818\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/au.172737955.56568818\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2471-1403","2471-1403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-1403","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2024GH001213"}}