{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:09:06Z","timestamp":1770916146128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical public health issue, particularly in regions with significant socio\u2010economic disparities. This study provides a comprehensive spatial analysis of TB dynamics in \u015eanl\u0131urfa, T\u00fcrkiye, covering the period from 2016 to 2023. Utilizing Geographic Information Systems, epidemiological data, and advanced statistical techniques, the research examines the spatial distribution and temporal trends of TB cases within this region. By integrating patient data with demographic, environmental, and socio\u2010economic variables, the study assesses the complex factors influencing TB incidence and prevalence. The results indicate significant spatial clustering of TB cases, with the highest concentrations in areas characterized by high population density, lower socio\u2010economic status, limited healthcare accessibility, and poor environmental conditions. Temporal trends reveal a gradual decline in TB incidence over the study period; however, certain hotspots persist, underscoring the need for sustained and targeted interventions. Furthermore, the study identifies a correlation between TB prevalence and inadequate living conditions, emphasizing the role of socio\u2010economic improvement in disease control. These findings provide crucial insights for policymakers and public health officials, facilitating the development of more effective, evidence\u2010based TB control strategies tailored to the unique socio\u2010economic and geographical landscape of \u015eanl\u0131urfa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2024gh001235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T12:53:35Z","timestamp":1753188815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comprehensive Spatial Investigation of Tuberculosis Dynamics and Affecting Factors in \u015eanl\u0131urfa, T\u00fcrkiye (2016\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology University of Harran  \u015eanl\u0131urfa T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. F.","family":"D\u00f6ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Geography University of Sakarya  Sakarya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5998-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"K\u0131rlang\u0131\u00e7o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Art Design and Architecture Department of Architecture University of Sakarya  Sakarya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4500-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6.","family":"\u00dcnsal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Geography Bursa Uluda\u011f University  Bursa T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"G\u00f6k\u00e7eo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u015eanl\u0131urfa Provincial Health Directorate  \u015eanl\u0131urfa T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8063-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. R.","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology University of Harran  Sanliurfa Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1514-1685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"Karabay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology University of Sakarya  Sakarya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538\u20104632.1995.tb00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","article-title":"The history of tuberculosis: From the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus","author":"Barberis I. N. B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene (JPMH)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Correlation assessment of climate and geographic distribution of tuberculosis using geographical information system (GIS)","volume":"45","author":"Beiranvand R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"\u00c7elik M. D\u00f6ker M. F. K\u0131rlang\u0131\u00e7o\u011flu C. \u00dcnsal \u00d6. G\u00f6k\u00e7eo\u011flu S. Ceylan M. R. &Karabay O.(2024).Sanliurfa tuberculosis[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/13933184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S92927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)30505\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. (2024).Urban Atlas. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/en\/products\/urban\u2010atlas"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2020.1785737"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010016\u20103575\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201015443\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"How create space time cube by aggregating points works","author":"ESRI","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","article-title":"How emerging hot spot analysis works","author":"ESRI","year":"2024","journal-title":"ArcGIS Pro"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52584\/qrj.1902.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708\u2010024\u201011020\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(16)31679\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2017.1352480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12580"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141856"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538\u20104632.1992.tb00261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Spatial autocorrelation","author":"Goodchild M. F.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Spatial autocorrelation: A primer. Resource publications in geography","author":"Griffith D. A.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010019\u20107993\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Rank correlation methods","author":"Kendall M. G.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010021\u201011157\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2014.29.2.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010022\u201007539\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030291"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"1518","article-title":"Spatial\u2010temporal distribution of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Sichuan province, 2011\u20132016","volume":"38","author":"Li T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249\u2010018\u20100490\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0255"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010072X\u20105\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"2023 annual activity report","author":"Ministry of Health of T\u00fcrkiye","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2332142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2020.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538\u20104632.1995.tb00912.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye Ministry of General Defence Directorate General For Mapping. (2024).Province and district area measurements. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.harita.gov.tr\/il\u2010ve\u2010ilce\u2010yuzolcumleri"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye Ministry of Interior TP of MM. (2024).Distribution of Syrians under temporary protection by top 10 provinces. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/en.goc.gov.tr\/temporary\u2010protection27"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.116\u2010a478"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.11.188"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Spatial cluster analysis of new and relapsed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis by district: Pakistan 2015","volume":"31","author":"Shaikh M. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0264\u20102021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106183"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00163\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","unstructured":"Turkish Statistical Institute. (2023).Address based population registration system results. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr\/Bulten\/Index?p=Adrese\u2010Dayali\u2010Nufus\u2010Kayit\u2010Sistemi\u2010Sonuclari\u20102023\u201049684"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jtr.2021.91004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151511594"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17211\/tcd.1342144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12670"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_182_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010020\u201005150\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","volume-title":"An extension of geographically weighted regression with flexible bandwidths","author":"Yang W.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(15)00499\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2022.2063160"}],"container-title":["GeoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2024GH001235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T06:22:15Z","timestamp":1756534935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2024GH001235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2024GH001235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2024gh001235","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-1403","2471-1403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-1403","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2024GH001235"}}