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To understand the influence of dust on particle size and composition, in vitro experiments were performed evaluating the impact of five different clay minerals: montmorillonites (montmorillonite, Na\u2010rich montmorillonite, and Ca\u2010rich montmorillonite), illite, and kaolinite on human epithelial alveolar cells (A549) utilizing the Single\u2010Cell Analysis. Unlike other population techniques, this analysis monitors each cell individually by coupling fluorescent microscopy with an incubation system to continuously image the cells every 15\u00a0min for 48\u2010hr. This live\u2010cell imaging analysis was used to calculate the exact time of death, division rate, and type of death (apoptosis and necrosis). Ca\u2010rich Montmorillonite and Kaolinite were the most and least toxic clays, respectively. Although Ca\u2010rich Montmorillonite caused a significant increase in cell death and a decrease in cell proliferation compared to Kaolinite, both clays had a similar impact on the type of death (necrosis replaced apoptosis as the primary mechanism for cell death). Observations on the exact time of death show a significant increase in the rate of death between 34\u2010 and 48\u2010hr post\u2010exposure indicating a possible delay in health impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2024gh001280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T04:12:45Z","timestamp":1749096765000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cell Death and Proliferation Variability Caused by Different Dust Clay Minerals Using the Single\u2010Cell Method"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6865-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z.","family":"Ramirez\u2010Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-5377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Deonarine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Plantier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Geology Hardin\u2010Simmons University  Abilene TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Shaghaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX USA"},{"name":"Macromolecular Science &amp; Engineering Case School of Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0383-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Ardon\u2010Dryer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u20109326\/aabf20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302211018390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011\u2010021\u201002780\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.grj.2015.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21209-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GH001209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GH000953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp\u201022\u20109161\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt\u201015\u20102345\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp\u201014\u20105217\u20102014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108891"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273\u2010012\u20100012\u2010x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_1_19_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Silicosis mortality trends and new exposures to respirable crystalline silica\u2014United States, 2001\u20132010","volume":"64","author":"Bang K. 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