{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:36:04Z","timestamp":1753871764306,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Climate change is creating more frequent extreme weather events, but impacts on violence are not well understood. We explored associations of extreme weather with firearm violence and child maltreatment in Wayne County, Michigan. To understand contextual influences, we estimated models using data from before (2018\u20132019), during (March 2020\u2013March 2021), and after (2022\u20132023) the onset of the COVID\u201019 pandemic. In both 2018\u20132019 and 2022\u20132023, firearm violence was lower in the first couple days after extreme weather compared to no prior extreme weather (relative risks [RR]: 0.44\u20130.54; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.21\u20130.37, 0.79\u20130.90), with the influence waning over the following week. We did not observe any reduction, however, during the first year of the COVID\u201019 pandemic. Associations differed for child maltreatment. In 2018\u20132019, we observed no change in maltreatment in the days following extreme weather. Yet, during the first year of the COVID\u201019 pandemic, child maltreatment was higher over the 10 days following extreme weather (RR: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.58). In 2022\u20132023, child maltreatment was lower following extreme weather events, but this finding is likely an artifact of reduced reporting after extreme weather during this period. In Wayne County, extreme weather immediately reduced firearm violence, with effects waning as people likely resumed regular activities. The first year of the COVID\u201019 pandemic suspended this influence, as extreme weather may not have changed daily activities beyond pandemic\u2010related disruptions. For child maltreatment, however, extreme weather created accumulating risk over several days when it disrupted an already stressed environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2025gh001406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T10:49:06Z","timestamp":1750502946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extreme Weather Events Interact With Local Contexts to Alter the Frequency of Firearm Violence and Child Maltreatment in Wayne County, Michigan"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3892-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeccah","family":"Sokol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8160-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Gerlein\u2010Safdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California\u2010Berkeley  Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0068-5754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Degli Esposti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5731-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mildred","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"American Statistical Association. (2016).American Statistical Association statement on statistical significance and p\u2010values. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.amstat.org\/asa\/files\/pdfs\/P\u2010ValueStatement.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471\u2010020\u201000252\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","article-title":"Detroit once tried to privatize public health. Now it\u2019s trying to rebuild","author":"Barry\u2010Jester A. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"National Public Radio"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2018.1527739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"CHILD PROTECTION LAW Act 238 of 1975. (n.d.).CHILD PROTECTION LAW Act 238 of 1975. 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(2020).No. 2020\u201021 state of Michigan office of the govenor. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/whitmer\/news\/state\u2010orders\u2010and\u2010directives\/2020\/03\/23\/executive\u2010order\u20102020\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Gasparrini A. Armstrong B. &Gasparrini M. A.(2013).Package \u201cdlnm.\u201d. 2017\u201001\u201016[2017\u201010\u201005]http:\/\/cranr\u2010projectorg\/web\/packages\/dlnm\/dlnm.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102288\u201014\u201055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2022.100548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.16545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Gun Violence Archive. (2023).Gun violence archive. 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