{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:03:00Z","timestamp":1791511380580,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Long\u2010term exposure to particulate matter (PM) pollution may directly increase the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB). Despite the known link, the multi\u2013scale spatiotemporal variations in the burden of TB attributable to long\u2010term PM exposure remain largely unclear in China. In this study, we conducted a nationwide, multi\u2010scale risk assessment of the burden of TB attributable to long\u2010term PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    , PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure from 2013 to 2019, employing the multivariate distributed lag nonlinear model (MVDLNM), Lorenz curve and Gini index. Our health impact assessments indicate that PM exposure has resulted in significant increases in TB burden. Specifically, approximately $1,202 million (95% CI: 801\u20131,573 million), $486 million (95% CI: 398\u2013572 million), and $944 million (95% CI: 767\u20131,115 million) of health economic costs could be attributed to long\u2010term exposure to PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    , PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    , respectively. Although the overall the burden of TB attributable to PM exposure was significantly reduced from 2013 to 2019, regional inequalities have become more pronounced. The Gini index reveals a clear disparity in the burden of TB related to PM exposure across provincial, city, and county levels. These disparities are most pronounced at the county level (0.4914\u20130.6801), followed by the city level (0.4135\u20130.6382), and are least evident at the province level (0.3672\u20130.6078). Overall, the regional inequalities in the burden of TB are more pronounced at finer spatial scales. Our study highlights the\u00a0health impacts of long\u2010term exposure to PM on the incidence of TB across different spatiotemporal scales, and the findings provide strong scientific evidence for pollution mitigation and efforts to reduce regional inequality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2025gh001481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:19:24Z","timestamp":1767590364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatiotemporal Inequalities in the Burden of Tuberculosis Attributable to Long\u2010Term Particulate Matter Exposure in Mainland of China"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze\u2010Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province School of Geography and Tourism Anhui Normal University  Wuhu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2219-1453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. M.","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze\u2010Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province School of Geography and Tourism Anhui Normal University  Wuhu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. S.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze\u2010Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province School of Geography and Tourism Anhui Normal University  Wuhu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5959-9247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y. R.","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze\u2010Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province School of Geography and Tourism Anhui Normal University  Wuhu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze\u2010Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province School of Geography and Tourism Anhui Normal University  Wuhu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666\u20105247(22)00359\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201016008\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13091422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13750\u2010020\u201000213\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl\u20102020\u2010216819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.117025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121381"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109343"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106942"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.11012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202111\u20102657OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201017987\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(20)30752\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00035309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.951578"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120718"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Some clinical features of tuberculosis. 1. Incubation period","volume":"24","author":"Poulsen A.","year":"1950","journal-title":"Acta Tuberculosea Scandinavica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010024\u201017950\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59717\/j.xinn\u2010med.2023.100042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2014.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6572"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989\u2010017\u20100227\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.02.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132448"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201017323\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010022\u201024433\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010022\u201019438\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei J. &Li Z.(2019).ChinaHighPM2.5: Big data seamless 1 km ground\u2010level PM2.5 dataset for China (2000\u2010present)[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.6398971","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.6398971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","unstructured":"Wei J. &Li Z.(2021a).ChinaHighCO: Big data seamless 10 km ground\u2010level CO dataset for China (2013\u20132018)[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/10477050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","unstructured":"Wei J. &Li Z.(2021b).ChinaHighNO2: Big data seamless 10 km ground\u2010level NO2dataset for China (2008\u20132018)[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/10476183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","unstructured":"Wei J. &Li Z.(2021c).ChinaHighSO2: Big data seamless 10 km ground\u2010level SO2dataset for China (2013\u20132018)[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/10472411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","unstructured":"Wei J. &Li Z.(2024).ChinaHighO3: Big data seamless 1 km ground\u2010level MDA8 O3Dataset for China (2000\u2010Present)[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/13342827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","unstructured":"Wei J. &Li Z.(2025a).Big Data Seamless 1 km ground\u2010level CO dataset for China (2019\u2010present)[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/15224996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","unstructured":"Wei J. &Li Z.(2025b).ChinaHighNO2: Big data seamless 1 km ground\u2010level NO2dataset for China (2019\u2010Present)[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/15218546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","unstructured":"Wei J. &Li Z.(2025c).ChinaHighSO2: Big data seamless 10 km ground\u2010level SO2dataset for China (2019\u2010present)[Dataset].Zenodo.https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/15226517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp\u201022\u20105017\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","volume-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2023).Global tuberculosis report 2023. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global\u2010tuberculosis\u2010programme\/tb\u2010reports\/global\u2010tuberculosis\u2010report\u20102023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2023.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201017082\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104421"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114100"}],"container-title":["GeoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2025GH001481","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1029\/2025GH001481","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2025GH001481","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T14:37:55Z","timestamp":1769611075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2025GH001481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2025GH001481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2025gh001481","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-1403","2471-1403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-1403","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2025GH001481"}}