{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T06:47:12Z","timestamp":1789714032605,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever, VF) is a climate\u2010sensitive infectious disease caused by inhaling soil\u2010dwelling fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    , mostly reported in southwestern USA. Although soil moisture (SM) and soil temperature (ST) are known to shape the fungal lifecycle, their effects on coccidioidomycosis remain understudied. Most prior studies have relied on their proxies\u2014precipitation and air temperature\u2014that might not accurately capture soil hydrothermal dynamics. We conducted multivariable negative binomial regressions to estimate seasonal associations between incidence and climate drivers\u2014including SM, ST, and wind speed from the North American Land Data Assimilation Phase 2 (NLDAS\u20102), and PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based dusty\u2010day counts\u2014in Arizona's hyperendemic counties (Maricopa, Pima, and Pinal) from 2000 to 2022. We found higher incidence in areas with hotter, drier soils and more seasonal dusty days. Multi\u2010year soil hydrothermal cycles\u2014alternating wet\u2013dry and cool\u2013hot periods along with concurrent dry, dusty conditions\u2014significantly influenced incidence. Notably, no antecedent dry\u2013cool seasons were linked to increased incidence, indicating moisture and\/or heat are prerequisites for fungal growth and dispersal. SM showed more consistent and widespread effects than ST across seasons and lags, with winter and spring soils most influential. Higher incidence followed wetter winters and monsoons, and dry, hot springs and falls. Our models using NLDAS\u20102 SM and ST data showed robust performance and generalizability across exposure seasons. Our results support adding multi\u2010year soil indicators\u2014with up to 3\u2010year lead times\u2014into early\u2010warning systems to enhance VF forecasting and better prepare endemic regions for the challenges of a warming, drying, and increasingly variable climate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2025gh001574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T09:40:15Z","timestamp":1764150015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature on Coccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1274-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianqian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beichen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln  Lincoln NE USA"},{"name":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runqiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4255-4568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Oceanic and Earth Sciences Department George Mason University  Fairfax VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5011-9614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse E.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln  Lincoln NE USA"},{"name":"Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln  Lincoln NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GH000187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Arizona Department of Health Services. (2018).Valley fever 2017 annual report. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.azdhs.gov\/documents\/preparedness\/epidemiology\u2010disease\u2010control\/valley\u2010fever\/reports\/valley\u2010fever\u20102017.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Arizona Department of Health Services. (2024a).Coccidioidomycosis surveillance data caveats. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.azdhs.gov\/documents\/preparedness\/epidemiology\u2010disease\u2010control\/valley\u2010fever\/coccidioidomycosis\u2010surveillance\u2010caveats.pdf?v=20241031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Arizona Department of Health Services. (2024b).Valley fever\u2014Data reports & publications. 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