{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T12:48:48Z","timestamp":1792241328395,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72274070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72274070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>High temperatures pose a serious threat to human health. Quantifying the main disease death burden attributable to high temperatures can provide scientific evidence for policy development. Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we identified the death burden attributable to high temperatures across all causes and determined the three leading causes. For each, we used age\u2010standardized mortality rates attributable to high temperature\u00a0(HA\u2010ASMR) and estimated temporal trends via age\u2010period\u2010cohort modeling at global, regional, and national levels (1990\u20132021). Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and lower respiratory infections were the top three causes of deaths attributable to high temperature in 2021. Low\u2010middle Socio\u2010demographic Index (SDI) regions had the highest HA\u2010ASMR for ischemic heart disease (3.49, 95%UI: 0.96\u20136.57) and stroke (2.55, 95%UI: 0.77\u20135.01), whereas lower respiratory infections showed the highest HA\u2010ASMR in low SDI regions (2.52, 95%UI: 0.85\u20134.35). Age\u2010period\u2010cohort analysis generated net drift values for HA\u2010ASMR in high SDI regions, with values of 0.99% (95%CI: 0.60%\u20131.39%) for ischemic heart disease, 1.19% (95%CI: 0.99%\u20131.40%) for stroke, and 2.36% (95%CI: 2.01%\u20132.70%) for lower respiratory infections. Longitudinal age curves showed elevated mortality risks attributable to high temperature\u00a0in populations over 60\u00a0years. Global period and cohort rate ratios for high\u2010temperature\u2010attributable ischemic heart disease mortality increased over time. Global ischemic heart disease and stroke deaths attributable to high temperature\u00a0continued rising with sharply elevated risks in older adults, while lower respiratory infection deaths attributable to high temperature\u00a0among youth in high\u2010income countries are increasing. Therefore, adaptation strategies must be specific to disease and age, varying by regional characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2025gh001623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T12:38:30Z","timestamp":1792240710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age\u2010Period\u2010Cohort Analysis of the Global Death Burden of Main Diseases Attributable to High Temperature in the Past 30\u00a0Years: Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhikang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Management School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Management School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lve","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Management School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Management School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Management School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuran","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Management School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1740-1161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Management School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010021\u201000334\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108610"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.14791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)01208\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"GBD. 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