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Using high resolution tree canopy estimates, temperature, mortality, and demographic data from 2011 to 2021, we implemented negative binomial generalized estimating equations to model all\u2010cause and disease\u2010specific mortality based on tree canopy cover, year\u2010to\u2010year changes in tree canopy cover, and maximum temperature, adjusting for area\u2010level demographics in Chicago, IL. We used K\u2010means clustering to identify patterns of canopy, temperature, and mortality disparities across Chicago community areas. There were 220,711 decedents during the study period (115,974 male, 104,734 female; mean age at death: 69.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a019.9\u00a0years). Existing canopy coverage was not statistically significantly associated with mortality (incidence rate ratio [IRR]\u00a0=\u00a00.995, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u00a0=\u00a00.984\u20131.007). However, each year\u2010to\u2010year percent increase in canopy was associated with around a 10% reduction in mortality (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.902, [0.871\u20130.935]) with significant associations for cause\u2010specific cardiovascular (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.908, [0.869\u20130.948]), mental health (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.836, [0.784\u20130.892]), musculoskeletal (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.907, [0.832\u20130.989]), and respiratory (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.887, [0.833\u20130.945]) diseases. Cluster analysis identified that neighborhoods on Chicago's South and West sides were characterized by high temperatures, greater absolute canopy loss despite elevated baseline canopy levels, and increased mortality. Among the hottest neighborhoods, canopy\u2010temperature interaction models demonstrated that areas experiencing larger year\u2010to\u2010year canopy losses had higher yearly mortality. Protecting tree canopy cover from losses over time, particularly in vulnerable areas with higher temperatures, may present a key opportunity to reduce mortality and mitigate impacts of climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2025gh001651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:01:03Z","timestamp":1785934863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increasing Urban Tree Canopy Associated With Reduced Mortality: A Longitudinal Analysis of Chicago Neighborhoods"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1970-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harrison C.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago IL USA"},{"name":"Defusing Disasters Working Group Buffett Institute for Global Affairs Northwestern University  Evanston IL 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Technology  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8484-0730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raed","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defusing Disasters Working Group Buffett Institute for Global Affairs Northwestern University  Evanston IL USA"},{"name":"Metropolitan Planning Council  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Department of Public Health  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2873-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trent","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign IL 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3734-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa H.","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defusing Disasters Working Group Buffett Institute for Global Affairs Northwestern University  Evanston IL USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Kho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago IL USA"},{"name":"Defusing Disasters Working Group Buffett Institute for Global Affairs Northwestern University  Evanston IL USA"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago IL USA"},{"name":"Institute for Public Health and Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago IL 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