{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:41:54Z","timestamp":1777354914764,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    West Nile Virus (WNV) is the leading cause of mosquito\u2010borne disease in the United States, yet predicting its transmission remains a significant challenge for public health officials. Many studies use correlative statistical models to predict disease cases using temperature and humidity, but accessible mechanistic approaches that simulate mosquito behavior traits can capture more of the transmission process. This study adapts an existing R\u2010language package, the Mosquito\u2010borne Viral Suitability Estimator (MVSE), which was created to model\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquito transmission of dengue, and tunes it to\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission of WNV. Equations for mortality, biting rate, and incubation period were updated, and Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) was used in place of Relative Humidity to better approximate dehydration stress on mosquitos. Our\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010specific customizations of the model improved correlations with annual disease cases at the county level, particularly in locations with higher\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    habitat suitability. For West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND), the correlation between MVSE performance (Spearman's rho for WNND incidence and our custom\n                    <jats:italic>Index<\/jats:italic>\n                    P) and probability of\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    presence was 0.48 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.03). These results demonstrate that incorporating trait sensitivity to temperature and VPD results in species\u2010specific models that may be effective in informing WNV disease prevention efforts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2025gh001665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:45:45Z","timestamp":1776080745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["West Nile Virus Transmission Suitability Modeling for\n                    <i>Culex pipiens<\/i>\n                    via Temperature and Humidity"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4588-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Interdepartmental Area University of Nebraska Medical Center  Silver Spring MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Brett\u2010Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Fauver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6974-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Gwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5011-9614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. E.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha NE USA"},{"name":"Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute University of Nebraska  Lincoln NE USA"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska \u2010 Lincoln  Lincoln NE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saab038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1013","volume-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology","author":"Armbruster P. 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