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City\u2010specific quasi\u2010Poisson models estimated percentage increase of risk per 10\u2010unit increase across single\u2010day lags (0\u20136\u00a0days) and averaged windows as lag (0\u20131), lag (2\u20135), and lag (0\u20135). Multi\u2010pollutant models adjusted the primary pollutant for co\u2010pollutants at lag (0\u20131). PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    means were 68.9, 49.0, and 78.7\u00a0\u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    in Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa, respectively. Amman's average concentration was close to the national annual limit of 70\u00a0\u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    set by Jordanian air quality standards (JS 1140\/2006), while Zarqa's mean level exceeded it. In Amman, PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    was positively associated with mortality (lag (0\u20131): 0.59% [0.22\u20130.96]; lag (0\u20135): 0.98% [0.40\u20131.57]); Irbid and Zarqa showed no consistent PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    associations, and NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    were generally null across cities. Adjustment for NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    did not attenuate Amman's PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    effect (0.60%\u20131.19%). Stratified analyses indicated short\u2010lag PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    and mortality associations were significant among males and older adults in Amman, and cumulative PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    associations among females in Zarqa. This first national time\u2010series study for Jordan identifies an acute mortality risk from particulate pollution in Amman and suggests inter\u2010city heterogeneity, likely driven by differences in particle composition, sources, exposure, and standards exceedances. These findings support particulate\u2010focused control measures and enhanced risk communication for vulnerable groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2025gh001717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:18:06Z","timestamp":1778242686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short\u2010Term Effect of Ambient Air Pollution on Daily Mortality in Three Jordanian Cities: A Time\u2010Series Study"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7253-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murad S.","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Jordan University of Science and Technology  Irbid Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5942-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fayez A.","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Jordan University of Science and Technology  Irbid Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8292-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael","family":"Al\u2010Delaimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6428-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Tob\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Spanish National Research Council  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Stafoggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Lazio Region Health Service  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Safi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthier Populations Department World Health Organization Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazen","family":"Malkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthier Populations Department World Health Organization Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40572\u2010019\u201000248\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370\u2010023\u201000565\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2019.113121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/DYT092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9501900504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Cimate Action. 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