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Meningococcal meningitis incidence is highly seasonal in this region specifically, with outbreaks mostly occurring during the dry season, characterized by low rainfall and atmospheric humidity, high temperature, and increased dust and wind speed. The strong seasonality of meningococcal outbreaks coincides with seasonal variation in climatic factors. This multicollinearity can make it difficult to identify environmental drivers of disease and the mechanisms by which they operate. This review aims to collate existing evidence to better clarify the mechanisms by which climatic variables influence meningococcal meningitis incidence. We examined the impact of dust, wind speed, temperature, rainfall, and land cover on meningococcal meningitis outbreaks. Within the literature, atmospheric dust and wind speed had the strongest statistical association with meningococcal outbreaks and demonstrated greater predictive probability than other climatic variables. However, several climatic factors have demonstrable influences on one another, reflected in the seasonality of meningococcal meningitis. Atmospheric dust can reduce precipitation levels in part through its radiative properties. Decreased rainfall and increasing temperatures can dry out soil, increasing its availability to be uplifted as dust. Alongside, this lower atmospheric humidity increases evaporative demand, leading to faster soil moisture loss and enhanced surface drying. We argue that rainfall, temperature, and land cover variability may act as part of a broader climatic mechanism, increasing atmospheric dust. This increases the incidence and risk of meningococcal meningitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2025gh001749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:49:37Z","timestamp":1787993377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Do Climatic Factors Directly Influence the Incidence and Risk of Meningococcal Meningitis Across the African Meningitis Belt? A Narrative Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1270-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"Cliff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-3980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanny","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire  Abidjan C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5167-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Yapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire  Abidjan C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Entomologie M\u00e9dicale et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universit\u00e9 Alassane Ouattara  Bouak\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4527-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axelle B. 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