{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T16:40:59Z","timestamp":1792341659765,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In recent years, the health of the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) on Florida's east coast has fluctuated due to recurring harmful algal blooms (HABs). These events typically involve cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, or\n                    <jats:italic>A. lagunensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (brown tide) causing water\u2010quality degradation and seagrass decline. The IRL is prone to HAB formation, and they have been observed more commonly in recent years. Although HABs can be non\u2010toxic, they can threaten critical primary producers like seagrass and destabilize sediments. Due to their impact, it is critical to improve methods of water quality and algal bloom monitoring. To do this, we apply a multi\u2010image varimax\u2010rotated principal component analysis (VPCA) to images from a harmonized Sentinel\u20102 A\/B multispectral imager (MSI) data set spanning three years (2020\u20132022). Field collected hyperspectral data and a coincident Sentinel\u20103 A\/B OLCI image is used to further validate the multi\u2010image VPCA. The VPCA method employs visible derivative water surface reflectance and unmixes the spectral signal to identify orthogonal components related to divisions of algae, suspended sediments, and seagrass. This advances water quality monitoring by improving unmixing and identification of optical components over time. This identification is supported by high correlation to a spectral library, field observation, published observations, and validation across sensors of varying resolutions. Through this research we find confident identification and mapping of in\u2010water components related to cyanobacterial (component 1\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.865) and dinoflagellate blooms (component 4 and 5\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.986 and\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.978), and seagrass beds (component 3\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.916) with 10\u00a0m spatial resolution through time improving water quality monitoring and root cause identification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2026gh001817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:56:06Z","timestamp":1792338966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Micro\u2013 and Macro\u2013Algae Speciation Mapping for Management: A Field\u2010Validated Sentinel\u20102 and Sentinel\u20103 Intercomparison in the Indian River Lagoon"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7555-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"McKenzie L.","family":"Woodman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectral Evolution Inc.  Haverhill MA USA"},{"name":"Earth Sciences Department Kent State University  Kent OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith A.","family":"Widder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanic Research and Conservation Association  Vero Beach FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren H.","family":"Falls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanic Research and Conservation Association  Vero Beach FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6583-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department Kent State University  Kent OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7034980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2019.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227\u2010025\u201004642\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125438"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2021.778344"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Dewberry. (2018).2017 Indian River Lagoon seagrass mapping: Final project report(Project No. 30430). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/geoext.geoapps.sfwmd.gov\/Seagrass\/2017_IRL_Seagrass_Mapping_Final_Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"The biology of marine plants","author":"Dring M. J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"European Space Agency. (n.d.).Harmonized Sentinel\u20102 MSI: MultiSpectral Instrument Level\u20102A (SR)[Dataset].Google Earth Engine. 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