{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:53:25Z","timestamp":1782316405383,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hurricane\u2010related flooding can mobilize microbial and chemical contaminants, while limited well testing and uneven disaster response capacity leave many households relying on private wells at elevated risk, particularly during the early recovery phase when contamination risk is acute. To address this challenge, we propose a data\u2010driven framework for quantifying post\u2010hurricane private well contamination risk. The framework produces a numerical risk score by integrating 78 geospatial variables across three modules representing hazard, physical vulnerability, and social capacity. The score is constructed using a hybrid approach that combines supervised and unsupervised learning to generate interpretable indices grounded in theory and calibrated to real\u2010world data. We applied the framework to western North Carolina following Hurricane Helene and evaluated its performance using post\u2010hurricane well testing data from the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services together with community\u2010informed assessments in two counties. Higher risk scores were significantly associated with increased total coliform contamination (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.006, Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum test), demonstrating the value of the framework for identifying areas with elevated contamination risk. These findings suggest that the framework can help identify areas with elevated contamination risk following extreme weather events, although predictive performance remains moderate and further systematic evaluation is needed. The framework is designed to be transferable and can be adapted to other storms and regions where geospatial and well testing data are available. Overall, this work provides a practical, data\u2010informed tool to support disaster preparedness, prioritize well testing, and protect private well users after extreme weather events.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2026gh001858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T12:06:14Z","timestamp":1781697974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hybrid Supervised\u2010Unsupervised Modeling for Post\u2010Hurricane Private Well Contamination Risk Score Using Empirical Validation and Community\u2010Informed Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7147-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jilei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5437-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology  Alexandria VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyndra","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixia Judy","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Rice University  Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiyana V.","family":"Apanasovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahred M.","family":"Liddie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clean Water for North Carolina  Stem NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Norford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clean Water for North Carolina  Stem NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4299-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xindi C.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","article-title":"Flood damage assessment \u2013 Literature review and recommended procedure\u2014CRC for water sensitive cities","author":"Admin C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"CRC for Water Sensitive Cities \u2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"DRASTIC: A standardized system for evaluating groundwater pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings [Report]","author":"Aller L.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214505000000628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668\u2010023\u201003149\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/japh.v5i2.4240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"CDC\/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022 Database","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Clean Water for North Carolina. 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