{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:06:45Z","timestamp":1790615205783,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2330587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2330587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB\u20102224662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB\u20102224662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI\u20102045663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI\u20102045663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014024","name":"Virginia G. Piper Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Differences in adaptive capacity and sensitivity shape behavioral and physiological responses to overheated environments, which are associated with unequal personal heat exposure (PHE). Although growing evidence documents heterogeneity in PHE across regions and populations, studies rarely examine how adaptive factors influence sub\u2010daily exposure patterns and resulting heat stress relative to regional heat. This study assesses intra\u2010 and inter\u2010individual variation in 24\u2010hr PHE and heat loads using regional weather as a non\u2010behavioral baseline. We studied 34 adults aged 45\u201374 from diverse socioeconomic, occupational, and housing backgrounds in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. Using the HeatSuite\u2122 system and Kestrel Drop D2 sensors, we monitored 10\u2010min indoor and on\u2010body ambient conditions over 21\u2010day periods during summer 2024, reconstructing PHE based on participants' locations. We used Generalized Additive Models to explain inter\u2010individual differences and Linear Mixed Models to examine associations with vulnerability features. Heat stress was assessed using a physiology\u2010based human heat balance model. Results reveal significant inter\u2010individual differences in individually experienced temperatures (IET) and humidities (IEH), with three sub\u2010daily patterns emerging: highest overall exposures, strong diurnal amplitude, and day\u2010long stable exposures. Median IET and IEH were 25.9\u00b0C and 1.4\u00a0kPa, with maxima reaching 47.5\u00b0C and 5.1\u00a0kPa. On average, participants experienced temperatures 10.4\u00b0C below regional conditions, with low evaporative cooling requirements to attain heat balance for sedentary activities. However, participants with income &lt;$40k\/year experienced higher peak daily temperatures. These findings demonstrate how high\u2010resolution personal monitoring reveals when and why heat interventions may be most effective, informing policy with locally\u2010grounded evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2026gh001914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:55:13Z","timestamp":1789203313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Who Can Avoid the Heat? Inter\u2010Individual Differences in 24\u2010hr Heat Exposure Reveal Disparities in Heat Adaptation and Stress"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4953-8587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Guzman\u2010Echavarria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Middel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"},{"name":"The GAME School Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4894-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Ravanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heat and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. B. Rosales","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. R.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest  Springdale AR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Metzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7607-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Rentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainability Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Guardaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainability Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. K.","family":"Vanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainability Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Arizona Social Vulnerability Index, ArcGIS StoryMaps","author":"Arizona Department of Health Services","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u20109326\/ab28ba"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15101175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010soc\u2010121919\u2010054848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-05182-1_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"City of Phoenix. (2015).Phoenix city code chapter 39 section 39\u20105 electrical plumbing and mechanical systems; health and safety conditions. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/phoenix.municipal.codes\/CC\/39\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande A. Scovronick N. Clasen T. F. Waller L. Wang J. Aravindalochanan V. et\u00a0al. (2024).Heat exposure among adult women in rural Tamil Nadu India.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.3c03461","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1977.43.6.1046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)01208\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010012420\u2010105026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265813516657342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.248823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00012.2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Global center for heat adaptation","author":"Gagnon D.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crm.2022.100415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guzman\u2010Echavarria G. &Caldwell A. R.(2026).gguzmane\/PHE_HeatSuitePhoenix: V1.0.0[Software].Zenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.19012700","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.19012700"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2022.2149024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.15642387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guzman\u2010Echavarria G. Vanos J. Middel A. Ravanelli N. Rosales Chavez J. Metzler C. et\u00a0al. (2026).GCHA HeatSuite Phoenix 2024 pilot personal heat exposure physiological and perceptual responses in a group of older adults[Dataset].Environmental Data Initiative.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6073\/pasta\/b18c58d2805b4caa1393dddc5dbe6d22","DOI":"10.6073\/pasta\/b18c58d2805b4caa1393dddc5dbe6d22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517631"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2025.102630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010019\u201001770\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010022\u201002280\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS\u2010D\u201011\u201000010.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"2897","volume-title":"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability","author":"IPCC","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010014\u20100946\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010014\u20100946\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517709092637"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2022.2087724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284\u2010025\u201000354\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Maricopa association of governments demographics\u2014U.S. Census Bureau\u2019s 2019\u20102023 American Community Survey 5 year estimates","author":"MAG, & Maricopa Association of Governments","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","unstructured":"MCDPH. (2024).2023 heat related deaths report. April. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.maricopa.gov\/ArchiveCenter\/ViewFile\/Item\/5820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","unstructured":"MCDPH. (2025).2024 heat\u2010related deaths report. May. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.maricopa.gov\/ArchiveCenter\/ViewFile\/Item\/5934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050651"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng X. Lee M. Chu L. Nam S. &Chen K.(2025).Discrepancies between personal and ambient temperatures at hourly Scale: Insights from wearable sensors and environmental modeling.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00672","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010022\u201014692\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u20109326\/abd350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","unstructured":"NWS Phoenix. (2025).2024 climate year in review for Phoenix Yuma and El Centro. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.weather.gov\/psr\/yearinreview2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104\u2010026\u201007820\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b16750"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2021.1924805"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746\u2010025\u201001608\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(25)01919\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","author":"Romanovsky A. A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.07.096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010014\u20100820\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00324.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000180"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","first-page":"773","article-title":"Updated database of clothing thermal insulation and vapor permeability values of western ensembles for use in ASHRAE Standard 55, ISO 7730, and ISO 9920","volume":"127","author":"Smallcombe J. W.","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASHRAE Transactions"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS\u2010D\u201011\u201000019.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.3.967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010022\u201002309\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420\u2010018\u20101318\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201043121\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS\u2010D\u201016\u20100280.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010023\u201001569\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00098.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010021\u201001058\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010022\u201002264\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u20109326\/5\/1\/014021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109868.2010.00749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102691"}],"container-title":["GeoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2026GH001914","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1029\/2026GH001914","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2026GH001914","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:12:38Z","timestamp":1790611958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2026GH001914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2026GH001914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2026gh001914","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-1403","2471-1403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-1403","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2026GH001914"}}