{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:30:15Z","timestamp":1793781015450,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003654","name":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Climate change is intensifying the frequency and severity of extreme heat events. Despite the rising frequency of compound heatwaves (CHWs)\u2014concurrent daytime and nighttime heat\u2014evidence regarding cause\u2010specific risks and socioeconomic disparities remains limited. This study aimed to examine associations between CHWs and emergency hospital admissions and to identify vulnerable subpopulations. This study analyzed 2,010,769 emergency hospital admissions in the summer (June\u2013September, 2011\u20132019) using the South Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Heatwaves were classified as daytime, nighttime, or compound based on district\u2010specific 90th percentile thresholds of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures. A time\u2010stratified case\u2010crossover design with a distributed lag model was applied to estimate odds ratios for emergency hospital admissions associated with each heatwave type. Subgroup analyses were conducted including age, sex, household income, population density, and admission cause. Furthermore, we tested the potential impacts of income by incorporating an interaction term between income and each subgroup. CHWs were associated with emergency admissions, with particularly strong associations for genitourinary diseases. The risks were highest among the elderly, male, residents of highly populated areas, and low\u2010income groups. Furthermore, the association was most pronounced for genitourinary diseases, where the low\u2010income group showed the highest risk. Daytime heatwaves showed higher risks than nighttime heatwaves, which had weaker but disease\u2010specific associations. This study showed the health risks of CHWs that disproportionately affect genitourinary conditions and low\u2010income populations, emphasizing the need for climate adaptation planning that prioritize vulnerable groups and heat\u2010sensitive diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2026gh001920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:12:23Z","timestamp":1791465143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Compound Heatwaves and Health Inequality: A Nationwide Study on Emergency Admissions and Socioeconomic Vulnerability in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9478-6076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinah","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2517-1087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonhee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Environmental Health Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.122.061832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxf007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019).Chronic kidney disease in the United States 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Mayo clinic proceedings","author":"Chang T. I.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585\u2010024\u201000979\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882\u2010020\u201002186\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102025\u2010105321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471\u2010014\u20100014\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574\u2010024\u201001017\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913\u2010018\u20103369\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201075224\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp11444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931\u2010024\u201002699\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201056067\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010024\u201002137\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115853"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Masson\u2010Delmotte V. Zhai P. Pirani A. Connors S. L. P\u00e9an C. Berger S. et\u00a0al. (2021).Summary for policymakers."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"National health insurance service Seoul","author":"National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development (OECD). (2023).Pensions at a glance 2023: OECD and G20 Indicators."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115610"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2542\u20105196(24)00027\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109719"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000001359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-062-5_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"Statistics Korea. (2025).Cause\u2010of\u2010death statistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glt.2023.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u20109326\/ad24cf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010021\u201001196\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2025).State of the Global Climate 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612\u2010023\u201000365\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201062871\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240\u2010024\u201001619\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201033122\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp12854"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2025.04.010"}],"container-title":["GeoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2026GH001920","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1029\/2026GH001920","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2026GH001920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:57:07Z","timestamp":1793779027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2026GH001920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2026GH001920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2026gh001920","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-1403","2471-1403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-1403","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2026GH001920"}}