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We analyzed ALL mortality records for individuals aged 0\u201319\u00a0years across all Mexican municipalities from 2003 to 2023, using publicly available national death statistics and population estimates. Age\u2010specific mortality rates were calculated at the municipal level and aggregated to the state level to characterize broad geographic gradients. A discrete Poisson spatial scan statistic, implemented in SaTScan, identified 10 statistically significant mortality clusters, five with elevated risk and five with reduced risk, which were then compared against hydrogeological and industrial variables derived from global remote sensing and infrastructure databases. The national mortality rate averaged 1.64 per 100,000 children aged 0\u201319, with state\u2010level rates ranging more than two\u2010fold from 1.01 in Durango to 2.35 in Tabasco. High\u2010mortality clusters are concentrated along the Gulf of Mexico coast and southeastern states; low\u2010mortality zones lie predominantly in the arid west and northwest. High\u2010mortality areas are systematically characterized by greater annual precipitation, lower aridity, permeable sedimentary geology, and higher forest cover\u2014landscape conditions that collectively maximize infiltration and groundwater contamination risk. All five high\u2010mortality clusters spatially overlap with oil and gas infrastructure, with three coinciding with zones of intensive extraction along the Gulf coast. These findings suggest that groundwater vulnerability and industrial contamination, rather than genetic predisposition, are primary spatial determinants of childhood ALL mortality in Mexico, pointing toward preventable, structurally driven disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2026gh001998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:40:51Z","timestamp":1785152451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High Childhood Leukemia Mortality Rates in Mexico Associated to Water Contamination in Areas of Oil and Gas Extraction"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0143-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine","family":"Nicolas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Control Autom\u00e1tico del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (Cinvestav)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ortiz Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia Humanidades Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (Secihti)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3349-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Andr\u00e9s","family":"Barranco P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colegio de Geograf\u00eda Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Letras Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4020-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Amador\u2010Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline","family":"Calder\u00f3n Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed (UASLP)  San Luis Potos\u00ed Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena R.","family":"\u00c1lvarez\u2010Buylla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2931-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Control Autom\u00e1tico del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (Cinvestav)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abatzoglou J. 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