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Human activities have resulted in the fixation of an additional \u2248140 Tg N yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> by energy production (\u224820 Tg N yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> ), fertilizer production (\u224880 Tg N yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and cultivation of crops (e.g., legumes, rice) (\u224840 Tg N yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> ). We can only account for part of this anthropogenic N. N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O is accumulating in the atmosphere at a rate of 3 Tg N yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Coastal oceans receive another 41 Tg N yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> via rivers, much of which is buried or denitrified. Open oceans receive 18 Tg N yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> by atmospheric deposition, which is incorporated into oceanic N pools (e.g., NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). The remaining 80 Tg N yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> are either retained on continents in groundwater, soils, or vegetation or denitrified to N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Field studies and calculations indicate that uncertainties about the size of each sink can account for the remaining anthropogenic N. Thus although anthropogenic N is clearly accumulating on continents, we do not know rates of individual processes. We predict the anthropogenic N\u2010fixation rate will increase by about 60% by the year 2020, primarily due to increased fertilizer use and fossil\u2010fuel combustion. About two\u2010thirds of the increase will occur in Asia, which by 2020 will account for over half of the global anthropogenic N fixation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/95gb00158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T03:10:01Z","timestamp":1075864201000},"page":"235-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":825,"title":["Nitrogen fixation: Anthropogenic enhancement\u2010environmental response"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"James N.","family":"Galloway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Hiram","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Michaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerald L.","family":"Schnoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1311067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1941798"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511564550.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938767"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2404111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Boden T. 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