{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:04:15Z","timestamp":1783447455630,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"B2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,10]],"date-time":"1996-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":823910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>I have developed expressions for calculating the ratios (mapping functions) of the \u201cline of sight\u201d hydrostatic and wet atmospheric path delays to their corresponding zenith delays at radio wavelengths for elevation angles down to 3\u00b0. The coefficients of the continued fraction representation of the hydrostatic mapping function depend on the latitude and height above sea level of the observing site and on the day of the year; the dependence of the wet mapping function is only on the site latitude. By comparing with mapping functions calculated from radiosonde profiles for sites at latitudes between 43\u00b0S and 75\u00b0N, the hydrostatic mapping function is seen to be more accurate than, and of comparable precision to, mapping functions currently in use, which are parameterized in terms of local surface meteorology. When the new mapping functions are used in the analysis of geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data, the estimated lengths of baselines up to 10,400 km long change by less than 5 mm as the minimum elevation of included data is reduced from 12\u00b0 to 3\u00b0. The independence of the new mapping functions from surface meteorology, while having comparable accuracy and precision to those that require such input, makes them particularly valuable for those situations where surface meteorology data are not available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/95jb03048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T00:09:37Z","timestamp":1075853377000},"page":"3227-3246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1075,"title":["Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"A. E.","family":"Niell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Technology","author":"Bosworth J. 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The atmospheric delay of radio waves: Modeling the elevation dependence on a global scaleTech. Rep. 38LSch. of Electrical and Comput. Eng. Chalmers Univ. of Technol. Gothenburg Sweden 1986."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91RS02020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Lanyi G. Tropospheric delay effects in radio interferometry IDA Prog. Rep. 42\u201378vol. April\u2010June 1984 152\u2013159Jet Propul. Lab. Pasadena Calif.15 Aug. 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB095iB13p21991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Ma C. J. W.Ryan W. E.Himwich VLBI reference frames AGU Chapman Conference Proceedings on Geodetic VLBI: Monitoring Global ChangeNOAA Tech. Rep. NOS 137 NGS 49 376\u2013385 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL00887"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JB02162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS007i002p00223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JB03401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Niell A. E. Vertical change and atmosphere correction in VLBI AGU Chapman Conference Proceedings on Geodetic VLBI: Monitoring Global ChangeNOAA Tech. Rep. NOS 137 NGS 49 147\u2013158 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1990)118<1793:TVSONE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Ray J. R. B. E.Corey Current precision of VLBI multi\u2010band delay observations AGU Chapman Conference Proceedings on Geodetic VLBI: Monitoring Global ChangeNOAA Tech. Rep. NOS 137 NGS 49 123\u2013134 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Ray J. R. M. D.Abell W. E.Carter W. H.Dillinger M. L.Morrisson D. S.Robertson NOAA Earth orientation and reference frame results derived from VLBI observations: 1994 analysis procedures IERS Technical Note 17P.Charlot R\u201037\u2013R\u201062Observ. de Paris ParisSeptember 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Technology","author":"Rogers A. E. E.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Ryan J. W. C.Ma D. S.Caprette NASA Space Geodesy Program \u2014 GSFC Data Analysis \u2014 1992NASA Tech. Mem. 104572 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GM015p0247"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Sovers O. J. G. E.Lanyi Evaluation of current tropospheric mapping functions by Deep Space Network very long baseline interferometryTDA Prog. Rep. 42\u2010119 1\u201311Jet Propul. Lab. Pasadena Calif. 1994."}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F95JB03048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/95JB03048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T02:10:12Z","timestamp":1695435012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/95JB03048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"B2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/95JB03048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/95jb03048","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,10]]}}}