{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T02:23:09Z","timestamp":1764555789358},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]],"date-time":"1996-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":833587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Biogeochemical Cycles"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Global monthly estimates of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions were used to prescribe a three\u2010dimensional atmospheric transport model. The simulated N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O surface concentrations in the northern hemisphere (NH) are in general agreement with atmospheric observations, about 1 ppb higher than in the southern hemisphere (SH). The results suggest that N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O concentrations over strong source regions in continental interiors are much higher than those over oceans. Simulated N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O concentrations in the NH vary strongly with the season, while the measured concentrations oscillate strongly without seasonality. The modelled results for the SH show much less seasonal variation, which is more consistent with atmospheric measurement data. Most atmospheric N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O monitoring stations are not well situated for verifying the simulated seasonality in atmospheric N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. There is only one continental site. In addition, atmospheric N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O observations from different studies are sometimes contradictory. The difference between model results and observations may be the result of local scale pulses of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O acting on a much shorter timescale than the time step of 1 month of the emission inventory. Such N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O pulses may cause oscillations of the N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O concentration at the monitoring sites which dominate the large\u2010scale seasonality. It is also possible that source and sink processes other than those included in this study are operating. The transport model does not include a description of the downward stratosphere\u2010troposphere flux of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O which is greater in the NH than in the SH. The emission inventory does not account for soil N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O consumption in N\u2010limited temperate ecosystems, and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions during autumn, thaw periods, and from snow covered soils. These potential errors and possible underestimation of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions from combustion sources may exaggerate the simulated seasonal trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/96gb00191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T02:57:09Z","timestamp":1075863429000},"page":"307-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Testing high\u2010resolution nitrous oxide emission estimates against observations using an atmospheric transport model"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"A. F.","family":"Bouwman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Bouwman A. F. Compilation of a global inventory of emissions of nitrous oxide PhD thesis 143 p. Wageningen Agricultural Univ. Wageningen Netherlands 1995."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93GB01186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD02946"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD09p13997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01217"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD12p14865"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00003273"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"Jahreszeitliche N2O\u2010Emissionsspitzen nach Bodenfrost","volume":"72","author":"D\u00f6rsch P.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mitt. Deutschen Bodenkundl. 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