{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:25:39Z","timestamp":1792157139792,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"E9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]],"date-time":"1997-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":873072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A comprehensive analysis of volatiles in the Chicxulub impact strongly supports the hypothesis that impact\u2010generated sulfate aerosols caused over a decade of global cooling, acid rain, and disruption of ocean circulation, which contributed to the mass extinction at the Cretaceous\/Tertiary (K\/T) boundary. The crater size, meteoritic content of the K\/T boundary clay, and impact models indicate that the Chicxulub crater was formed by a short period comet or an asteroid impact that released 0.7\u20133.4\u00d710<jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup> ergs of energy. Impact models and experiments combined with estimates of volatiles in the projectile and target rocks predict that over 200 gigatons (Gt) each of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and water vapor, and over 500 Gt Of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, were globally distributed in the stratosphere by the impact. Additional volatiles may have been produced on a global or regional scale that formed sulfate aerosols rapidly in cooler parts of the vapor plume, causing an early, intense pulse of sulfuric acid rain. Estimates of the conversion rate of stratospheric SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and water vapor to sulfate aerosol, based on volcanic production of sulfate aerosols, coupled with calculations of diffusion, coagulation, and sedimentation, demonstrate that the 200 Gt stratospheric SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and water vapor reservoir would produce sulfate aerosols for 12 years. These sulfate aerosols caused a second pulse of acid rain that was global. Radiative transfer modeling of the aerosol clouds demonstrates (1) that if the initial rapid pulse of sulfate aerosols was global, photosynthesis may have been shut down for 6 months and (2) that for the second prolonged aerosol cloud, solar transmission dropped 80% by the end of first year and remained 50% below normal for 9 years. As a result, global average surface temperatures probably dropped between 5\u00b0 and 31\u00b0K, suggesting that global near\u2010freezing conditions may have been reached. Impact\u2010generated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> caused less than 1\u00b0K greenhouse warming and therefore was insignificant compared to the sulfate cooling. The magnitude of sulfate cooling depends largely upon the rate of ocean mixing as surface waters cool, sink, and are replaced by upwelling of deep ocean water. This upwelling apparently drastically altered ocean stratification and circulation, which may explain the global collapse of the delta <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C gradient between surface and deep ocean waters at the K\/T boundary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/97je01743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T01:03:42Z","timestamp":1075856622000},"page":"21645-21664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["Energy, volatile production, and climatic effects of the Chicxulub Cretaceous\/Tertiary impact"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Kevin O.","family":"Pope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin H.","family":"Baines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana C.","family":"Ocampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris A.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE247-p93"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.208.4448.1095"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1992)020<0697:PIDATC>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.269.5226.930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Shock behavior of calcite, anhydrite, and gypsum (abstract)","author":"Badjukov D. D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1994.1075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(90)90104-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7701342"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.291.4.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(82)90049-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.257.5074.1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90406-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidencia sismica del crater de impacto de Chicxulub","volume":"34","author":"Camargo Zanguera A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bol. Asoc. Mex. Geofis. Explor."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL01189"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.291.4.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Theory of Planetary Atmospheres: An Introduction to Their Physics and Chemistry","author":"Chamberlain J. W.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5043.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0-8137-2307-8.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(94)90174-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-8252(94)90030-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE247-p263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8181(94)90020-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB090iS02p0C828"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment","author":"Cubasch U.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(81)90161-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(95)03022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"413","article-title":"High\u2010temperature vaporization of gypsum and anhydrite: Experimental results (abstract)","author":"Gerasimov M. V.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"High\u2010temperature vaporization of quartz\u2010calcite\u2010anhydrite\/gypsum targets in relation to Chicxulub impact (abstract)","author":"Gerasimov M. V.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE190-p201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Multiring Basins: Formation and Evolution","author":"Grieve R. A. F.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<1137:IOTPOV>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.235.4793.1156"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Spectral changes in the ultraviolet absorption and scattering properties of the atmosphere associated with the eruption of El Chichon: Stratospheric SO2 budget and decay (abstract)","volume":"64","author":"Heath D. F.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"K\/T boundary ejecta distribution predicts size and location of Chicxulub crater (abstract)","author":"Hildebrand A. R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/376415a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL02793"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1995)023<0835:SPBITE>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<0392:OTGEOM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"The Physics of Atmospheres","author":"Houghton J. T.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GM032p0487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","series-title":"Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am.","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Global Catastrophes in Earth History","author":"Hsu K. J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0-8137-2307-8.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91JE02249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"A225","article-title":"Paleobotanical temperature curve for the Cretaceous\u2010Tertiary boundary interval and a scenario for the revegetation of North America after the terminal Cretaceous event","volume":"28","author":"Johnson K.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Cretaceous\u2010Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes","author":"Keller G.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1993)021<0776:ITEFCT>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RG018i001p00143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Venus","author":"Krasnopolsky V. A.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JE01768"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(96)00050-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(85)90067-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL010i001p00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92GL01620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(86)90150-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Geologia de Mexico, tomo III","author":"Lopez Ramos E.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"787","article-title":"Chicxulub impact\u2010induced vaporization: S and C species and their affect on global climate (abstract)","author":"Lyons J. R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.239.4839.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j150659a035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"A82","article-title":"Results of shallow drilling on the southern inner flank of the Chicxulub impact basin: Implications for basin size","volume":"31","author":"Marin L. E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(91)90202-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(94)90091-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB01151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(73)90162-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process","author":"Melosh H. J.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL010i009p00873"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0-8137-2307-8.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE190-p103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/338247a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.14.000208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Cretaceous\u2010Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes","author":"Pardo A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the Chicxulub impact event (abstract)","author":"Pierazzo E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JE01089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD08p11165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.219.4582.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1993)006<1719:GSOVAF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1993.0410102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351105a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00575099"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(94)90186-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1996)024<0527:SEOTCC>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(87)90046-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids","author":"Rabinowitz D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359050a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.215.4539.1501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.11542060"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acid trauma at the Cretaceous\u2010Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana","volume":"6","author":"Retallack G. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"GSA Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(90)90068-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","first-page":"2561","article-title":"Carbonate porosity versus depth: A predictable relation for south Florida","volume":"66","author":"Schmoker J. W.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JE02266"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1996)024<0963:CTCIAA>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE247-p239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE247-p33"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"Global Catastrophes in Earth History","author":"Sharpton V. L.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359819a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.261.5128.1564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0-8137-2307-8.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment","author":"Shine K. P.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE247-p155"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(90)90069-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/353839a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349482a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(92)90113-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1992)020<0099:TBDWCU>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0-8137-2307-8.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/DNAG-GNA-J.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1993)021<0797:DOCDNT>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Cretaceous\u2010Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes","author":"Stinnesbeck W.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.257.5072.954"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Physical properties of comet Shoemaker\u2010Levy 9: Origin and progenitor size (abstract)","author":"Takata T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1994.1074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE190-p187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","first-page":"791","volume-title":"Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids","author":"Toon O. B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.222.4630.1283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB05p04730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE247-p289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Ejecta associated with large terrestrial impacts: Implications for the Chicxulub impact and K\/T boundary stratigraphy (abstract)","author":"Vickery A. M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-5457.1981.tb00930.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1995)023<0873:YNSSIA>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment","author":"Watson R. T.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Geology and Hydrology of the Yucatan and Quaternary Geology of Northeastern Yucatan Peninsula","author":"Weidie A. E.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7871426"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Shock vaporization of anhydrite and calcite and the effects on global climate from the K\/T impact crater at Chicxulub (abstract","author":"Yang W.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/337061a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE247-p271"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1994.1038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL01190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL00706"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F97JE01743","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/97JE01743","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T03:08:21Z","timestamp":1695438501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/97JE01743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"E9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/97JE01743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97je01743","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]}}}