{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:05:04Z","timestamp":1769526304498,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,1]],"date-time":"1998-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":896659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Simultaneous measurements of aerosol optical depth, size distribution, and incoming solar radiation flux were conducted with spectral and broadband radiometers over the coastal Indian region, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean in January\u2010February 1996. Columnar aerosol optical depth, \u03b4<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>, at visible wavelengths was found to be 0.2\u20130.5 over the Arabian Sea and &lt;0.1 over the equatorial Indian Ocean. Aerosol mass concentration decreased from about 80 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> near the coast to just a few \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> over the interior ocean. The sub\u2010micron\u2010size particles showed more than an order of magnitude increase in number concentration near the coast versus the interior ocean. This large gradient in particle concentration was consistent with a corresponding large increase in the Sun\u2010photometer\u2010derived Angstrom exponent, which increased from 0.2 over the Indian Ocean to about 1.4 near the coast. The change in surface\u2010reaching solar flux with \u03b4<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> was obtained for both the direct and the global solar flux in the visible spectral region. The solar\u2010zenith\u2010angle\u2010normalized global and diffuse fluxes vary almost linearly with normalized \u03b4a. The direct visible (&lt;780 nm) solar flux decreases by about 42\u00b14 W m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> and the diffuse sky radiation increases by about 30\u00b13 W m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> with every 0.1 increase in \u03b4<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>, for solar zenith angles smaller than 60\u00b0. For the same extinction optical depth the radiative forcing of the coastal aerosols is larger than the open ocean aerosol forcing by a factor of 2 or larger.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/98jd00559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T01:45:59Z","timestamp":1075859159000},"page":"13827-13836","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Direct observations of aerosol radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January\u2010February 1996 pre\u2010INDOEX cruise"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Lubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Woodbridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"W. D.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K. S.","family":"Zalpuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.221.4612.744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Angreji P. D. Revaluation of total ozone measurements with Dobson spectrophotometer at Mt. Abu\/Ahmedabad during 1951\u20131985Sci. Rep. ISRO\u2010PRL\u2010SR\u201034\u201089 34Indian Space Res. Organ. Ahmedabad India 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1973)012<0601:EOAOTT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1991.t01-1-00013.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<1065:TTOAOC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD03520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"The properties of atmospheric aerosol particles as functions of relative humidity at thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding moist air","volume":"19","author":"Hanel G.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv. 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