{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T07:16:58Z","timestamp":1773472618299,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation\u2010Brazil (SCAR\u2010B) field project took place in the Brazilian Amazon and cerrado regions in August\u2013September 1995 as a collaboration between Brazilian and American scientists. SCAR\u2010B, a comprehensive experiment to study biomass burning, emphasized measurements of surface biomass, fires, smoke aerosol and trace gases, clouds, and radiation, their climatic effects, and remote sensing from aircraft and satellites. It included aircraft and ground\u2010based in situ measurements of smoke emission factors and the compositions, sizes, and optical properties of the smoke particles; studies of the formation of ozone; the transport and evolution of smoke; and smoke interactions with water vapor and clouds. This overview paper introduces SCAR\u2010B and summarizes some of the main results obtained so far. (1) Fires: measurements of the size distribution of fires, using the 50 m resolution MODIS Airborne Simulator, show that most of the fires are small (e.g., 0.005 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), but the satellite sensors (e.g., AVHRR and MODIS with 1 km resolution) can detect fires in Brazil which are responsible for 60\u201385% of the burned biomass; (2) Aerosol: smoke particles emitted from fires increase their radius by as much as 60% during their first three days in the atmosphere due to condensation and coagulation, reaching a mass median radius of 0.13\u20130.17 \u03bcm; (3) Radiative forcing: estimates of the globally averaged direct radiative forcing due to smoke worldwide, based on the properties of smoke measured in SCAR\u2010B (\u22120.1 to \u22120.3 W m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>), are smaller than previously modeled due to a lower single\u2010scattering albedo (0.8 to 0.9), smaller scattering efficiency (3 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>at 550 nm), and low humidification factor; and (4) Effect on clouds: a good relationship was found between cloud condensation nuclei and smoke volume concentrations, thus an increase in the smoke emission is expected to affect cloud properties. In SCAR\u2010B, new techniques were developed for deriving the absorption and refractive index of smoke from ground\u2010based remote sensing. Future spaceborne radiometers (e.g., MODIS on the Earth Observing System), simulated on aircraft, proved to be very useful for monitoring smoke properties, surface properties, and the impacts of smoke on radiation and climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/98jd02281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T01:45:59Z","timestamp":1075859159000},"page":"31783-31808","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation\u2010Brazil (SCAR\u2010B) experiment"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Y. J.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. V.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V. W. J. H.","family":"Kirchhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Artaxo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"Remer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B. N.","family":"Holben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D. E.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E. M.","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K. M.","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L. F.","family":"Mattos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C. A.","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. D.","family":"Spinhirne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. F.","family":"Gleason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"Christopher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.\u2010C.","family":"Tsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00422"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"SCAR\u2010B Proceedings","author":"Alval\u00e1 R. C. S.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD02p01509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD00263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD02p01605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD10p16971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Global Biomass Burning","author":"Artaxo P.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Environmental Geochemistry in the Tropics","author":"Artaxo P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02346"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Babbitt R. E. D. E.Ward R. A.Susott P.Artaxo J. B.Kauffman A comparison of concurrent airborne and ground based emissions generated from biomass burning in the Amazon Basin SCAR\u2010B ProceedingsV. W. J. H.Kirchhoff 23\u201327Transtec Sao Paulo Brazil 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02536"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.47.issue3.1.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","article-title":"Nutrient losses during biomass burning in Brazil","author":"Castro E. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01148"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.250.4988.1669"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon","volume":"11","author":"Crutzen P. J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/282253a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02276"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","article-title":"Measurements of irradiance attenuation and estimation of aerosol single\u2010scattering albedo for biomass burning aerosols in Amazonia","volume":"103","author":"Eck T. F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Numerical modeling of air mass trajectories from the biomass burning areas of the Amazon Basin","volume":"68","author":"Freitas S. R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Amazon Deforestation and Climate","author":"Gash J. H. C.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00160"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5237.778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01160"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00523"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94GB02086"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD02p01351"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD10p16721"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Hobbs P. V. Summary of types of data collected on the University of Washington's Convair C131\u2010A aircraft in the Smoke Clouds and Radiation\u2010Brazil (SCAR\u2010B) field study from 17 August\u201020 September 1995 inReport from the Cloud and Aerosol Research Group Dep. of Atmos. Sci. Univ. of Wash. Seattle 1996. (Available on the web athttp:\/\/cargsun2.atmos.washington.edu.)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.163.3864.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"697","volume-title":"Biomass Burning and Global Change","author":"Hobbs P. V.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5307.1777"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3286.003.0057","volume-title":"Global Biomass Burning","author":"Holben B. N.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","article-title":"Automatic sun and sky scanning radiometer systems for network and aerosol monitoring","author":"Holben B. N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL00455"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD04009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Radiative Forcing of Climate Change","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/370450a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01934"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5332.1636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<0729:EOASOC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/369045a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD07p09927"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD00275"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259409532237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02460"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.260.5106.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1986)003<0513:MSRFAM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1996)013<0777:ASSFRS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/EO065i030p00449-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD02p01469"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02986961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD03029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00340"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","article-title":"Humidification factors for atmospheric aerosols off the mid\u2010Atlantic coast of the United States","author":"Kotchenruther R. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00708189"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01624"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359712a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Biomass Burning and Global Change","author":"Le Canut P. M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD03426"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01512"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3286.003.0041","volume-title":"Biomass Burning and Global Change","author":"Lobart J. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD091iD07p07875"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","article-title":"Correlation between smoke and tropospheric ozone concentrations in Cuiaba during SCAR\u2010B","author":"Longo K. M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02593"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.134073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01771134"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.002672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01244864"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02793"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.256.5062.1432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00098"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00346"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Biomass Burning and Global Change","author":"Prins E. M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","unstructured":"Radke L. F. Airborne observations of cloud microphysics modified by anthropogenic forcingSymposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global ClimateAm. Meteorol. Soc.Boston Mass. 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3286.003.0032","volume-title":"Global Biomass Burning","author":"Radke L. F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00458"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00773"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"Global Biomass Burning","author":"Remer L. A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00271"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1990.35.2.0352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.242.4880.911"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03677"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.20292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Aerosol radiative forcing and climate change, a plan for research","author":"Seinfeld J. H.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Amazonian biomass burning in 1987 and an estimate of their tropospheric emissions","volume":"20","author":"Setzer A. W.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.260.5116.1905"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.21.001564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD01049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00333"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03437"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00900"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90012-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","unstructured":"vonHoyningen\u2010Huene W. T.Schmidt C. A.Kee Climate relevant aerosol parameters of South East Asia forest fire hazeInternational Symposium on the Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Data and its Application to Global EnvironmentChibaJapan 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-4120(91)90095-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02595"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1967)024<0704:TPOCNB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01211"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F98JD02281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/98JD02281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T05:33:57Z","timestamp":1705037637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/98JD02281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/98JD02281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/98jd02281","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]}}}