{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:09:17Z","timestamp":1781651357124,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8529,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrocarbons and nitriles are produced in Triton's stratosphere by energetic electrons from Neptune's magnetosphere and other charged particle sources. Laboratory plasma experiments reported here show a substantial yield of molecules from low\u2010pressure flows of 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> in N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> appropriate to Triton if both CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> are saturated at the surface. An active magnetosphere similar to that of Uranus would result in a flux \u223c 0.3 erg cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of 0.1\u20131 MeV electrons in Triton's stratosphere; molecular production rates are then 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u201010<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, HCN, and NCCN; tens to hundreds of gm cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> of these compounds per 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> yr (and lesser quantities of at least eight other molecules experimentally detected) would freeze to fine\u2010grained white condensates in the lower stratosphere and sediment to the surface. Along with dark\/colored organic haze produced in the stratosphere and other heteropolymers produced at the surface, these condensates are subject to redistribution by aeolian processes and may appear as lag deposits and\/or sediment layers. A simple eddy diffusion model indicates abundances \u223c 10<jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup> molec cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> for HCN and C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and &gt; 10<jats:sup>17<\/jats:sup> molec cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> for NCCN, CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>CCH, CH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>CCH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>CN in the stratosphere; these and other organic molecules will be detectable by IRIS if the stratosphere is (as expected) heated through ultraviolet and visible light absorption by the haze.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/gl016i008p00981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]],"date-time":"2008-02-06T19:52:58Z","timestamp":1202327578000},"page":"981-984","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Triton: Stratospheric molecules and organic sediments"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"W. Reid","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. N.","family":"Khare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Sagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9856-1_76","article-title":"Vapor pressure and heats of vaporization and sublimation of liquids and solids of interest in cryogenics below 1 atm pressure","volume":"25","author":"Brown G. N.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. Cryogen. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(84)90047-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(88)90112-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","article-title":"Energetic electron models at Neptune","author":"Divine N.","year":"1989","journal-title":"JPL Memorandum 5217\u201089\u2010070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(84)90142-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(89)90160-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL016i008p00973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL016i001p00097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(84)90018-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5462-5_18"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"700","article-title":"Photometry, multiple light scattering, and laboratory simulations: Constraints on the structure of Titan's haze\/cloud","volume":"17","author":"Sagan C.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01442358309353342"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"A Physical and Chemical Study of Titan: Atmosphere, Clouds, and Hazes","author":"Thompson W. R.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL016i008p00969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JA092iA13p15083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","article-title":"Plasma discharge in N2+CH4 at low pressures: Experimental results and applications to Titan","author":"Thompson W. R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/190963"}],"container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2FGL016i008p00981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/GL016i008p00981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:53:07Z","timestamp":1700614387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/GL016i008p00981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/GL016i008p00981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/gl016i008p00981","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8276","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8007","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]}}}