{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T01:36:17Z","timestamp":1791077777479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,18]],"date-time":"2004-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1092787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geochem Geophys Geosyst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Detailed hydrothermal surveys over ridges with spreading rates of 50\u2013150 mm\/yr have found a linear relation between spreading rate and the spatial frequency of hydrothermal venting, but the validity of this relation at slow and ultraslow ridges is unproved. Here we compare hydrothermal plume surveys along three sections of the Gakkel Ridge (Arctic Ocean) and the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) to determine if hydrothermal activity is similarly distributed among these ultraslow ridge sections and if these distributions follow the hypothesized linear trend derived from surveys along fast ridges. Along the Gakkel Ridge, most apparent vent sites occur on volcanic highs, and the extraordinarily weak vertical density gradient of the deep Arctic permits plumes to rise above the axial bathymetry. Individual plumes can thus be extensively dispersed along axis, to distances &gt;200 km, and \u223c75% of the total axial length surveyed is overlain by plumes. Detailed mapping of these plumes points to only 9\u201310 active sites in 850 km, however, yielding a site frequency <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, sites\/100 km of ridge length, of 1.1\u20131.2. Plumes detected along the SWIR are considerably less extensive for two reasons: an apparent paucity of active vent fields on volcanic highs and a normal deep\u2010ocean density gradient that prevents extended plume rise. Along a western SWIR section (10\u00b0\u201323\u00b0E) we identify 3\u20138 sites, so <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = 0.3\u20130.8; along a previously surveyed 440 km section of the eastern SWIR (58\u00b0\u201366\u00b0E), 6 sites yield <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = 1.3. Plotting spreading rate (u<jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>) versus <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, the ultraslow ridges and eight other ridge sections, spanning the global range of spreading rate, establish a robust linear trend (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = 0.98 + 0.015u<jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>), implying that the long\u2010term heat supply is the first\u2010order control on the global distribution of hydrothermal activity. Normalizing <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> to the delivery rate of basaltic magma suggests that ultraslow ridges are several times more efficient than faster\u2010spreading ridges in supporting active vent fields. This increased efficiency could derive from some combination of three\u2010dimensional magma focusing at volcanic centers, deep mining of heat from gabbroic intrusions and direct cooling of the upper mantle, and nonmagmatic heat supplied by exothermic serpentinization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2004gc000712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,17]],"date-time":"2004-08-17T20:52:38Z","timestamp":1092775958000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Hydrothermal venting in magma deserts: The ultraslow\u2010spreading Gakkel and Southwest Indian Ridges"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Edward T.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory  7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle Washington 98115 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrietta N.","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute University of Texas at Austin  750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas Texas 78373 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences University of Tulsa  600 South College Avenue, Tulsa Oklahoma 74104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry J. B.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Plank\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Chemie  Postfach 3060 55020 Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory  7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle Washington 98115 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil R.","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta  1\u201026 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"Langmuir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC03p04833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"American Public Health Association","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JC02977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GC000279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","series-title":"Geophys. Monogr. Ser.","volume-title":"The Thermal Structure of the Ocean Crust and Dynamics of Hydrothermal Circulation","author":"Baker E. T.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91JB02671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"MAPR: A new instrument for hydrothermal plume mapping","volume":"8","author":"Baker E. T.","year":"1997","journal-title":"RIDGE Events"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(94)90022-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GM091p0047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(96)00097-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GC000165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000651"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G19528.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JB900195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GC000480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","series-title":"Geophys. Monogr. Ser.","volume-title":"The Thermal Structure of the Ocean Crust and Dynamics of Hydrothermal Circulation","author":"Cannat M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(02)00134-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(98)00158-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB001830"},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","article-title":"Ultra\u2010slow\u2010spreading\u2014A new class of ocean ridge","volume":"83","author":"Dick H. J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(01)00351-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01351"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35057258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GM091p0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(98)00093-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/26730"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(98)00020-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(98)00154-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01706"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-0637(95)00013-V"},{"issue":"46","key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","article-title":"Igneous crystallization beginning at 20 km beneath the Mid\u2010Atlantic Ridge, 14\u00b0 to 16\u00b0N","volume":"84","author":"Kelemen P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35084000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(98)00086-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL03041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35075063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/00EO00186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1999)027<0867:SAMSAT>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Segmentation and melt supply at the Southwest Indian Ridge","volume":"27","author":"Muller M. R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(00)00418-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(94)90210-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","volume-title":"Farthest North","author":"Nansen F.","year":"1897"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1357\/002224003322005069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00163477","article-title":"Oceanic spreading rate and crustal thickness","volume":"5","author":"Reid I.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(99)00015-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(92)90043-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00798"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)00779-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL03443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","series-title":"Rep. Pol. Mar. Res.","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Polarstern ARKTIS XVII\/2 Cruise Report: AMORE 2001","author":"Snow J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC900164"},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","article-title":"Geochemical and microbial export from the Rainbow vent\u2010site, 36\u00b0N Mid\u2010Atlantic Ridge","volume":"83","author":"Thurnherr A. M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<1139:SCOVAA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.269.5227.1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JB01749"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/42.6.1171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(96)00195-1"}],"container-title":["Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2004GC000712","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2004GC000712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2004GC000712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T04:20:24Z","timestamp":1697170824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2004GC000712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2004GC000712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004gc000712","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-2027","1525-2027"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-2027","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-2027","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"article-number":"2004GC000712"}}