{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:22:08Z","timestamp":1777425728996,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,7]],"date-time":"2007-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1189123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>On the basis of a 2\u2010year comprehensive data set obtained within the CARBOSOL project, seasonal source apportionment of PM2.5 aerosol is attempted for five rural\/remote sites in Europe. The approach developed combines radiocarbon measurements with bulk measurements of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and two organic tracers (levoglucosan and cellulose). Source types are lumped into primary emissions from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, bioaerosol, and secondary organic aerosol from precursors emitted by fossil and nonfossil sources. Bulk concentration ratios reported for these source types in the literature are used to estimate the source contributions which are constrained by measured radiocarbon concentrations. It has been found that while fossil\u2010related sources predominate EC throughout the year at all sites, the sources of OC are primarily biogenic and markedly different between summer and winter. In winter biomass burning primary emission is the main source, with sizable additional contribution from fossil fuel combustion. In contrast, in summer secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from nonfossil sources becomes predominant (63\u201376% of TC), with some contribution of SOA from fossil fuel combustion. The results agree well with recent findings of other authors who established the predominance of biogenic SOA for rural sites in summer in Europe. An uncertainty analysis has been conducted, which shows that the main conclusions from this study are robust.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2006jd008094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,6]],"date-time":"2007-09-06T20:45:33Z","timestamp":1189111533000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":368,"title":["Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary\/secondary, natural\/anthropogenic, and fossil\/biogenic origin"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Gelencs\u00e9r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Chemistry Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pannonia  Veszpr\u00e9m Hungary"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insitute f\u00fcr Umweltphysik University of Heidelberg  Heidelberg Germany"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long\u2010Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe Meteorological Synthesizing Centre\u2013West, Norwegian Meteorological Institute  Oslo Norway"}]},{"given":"Asunci\u00f3n","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology  Vienna Austria"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kasper\u2010Giebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology  Vienna Austria"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Puxbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology  Vienna Austria"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Caseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}]},{"given":"Casimiro","family":"Pio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Legrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G\u00e9ophysique de l'Environnement Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  Saint Martin d'H\u00e8res France"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900656"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5315.1052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GB001382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00331-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90245-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2003.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001397"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0108988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2004.21.705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","series-title":"Atmos. and Oceanogr. 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