{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:43:18Z","timestamp":1777653798557,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,26]],"date-time":"2007-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1190764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric levoglucosan has been determined as a proxy for \u201cbiomass smoke\u201d in samples from six background stations on a west\u2013east transect extending from the Atlantic (Azores) to the mid\u2010European background site KPZ (K\u2010Puszta, Hungary). Concentration levels of levoglucosan (biannual averages) in the west\u2013east transect range from 0.005<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>at the oceanic background site AZO (Azores) to 0.52<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>at AVE (Aveiro, Portugal). The atmospheric concentration of \u201cbiomass smoke\u201d (biannual averages) was derived from the levoglucosan data with wood\u2010type\u2010specific conversion factors. Annual averages of wood smoke levels ranged from 0.05<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>at AZO to 4.3<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>at AVE. Winter (DJF) averages at the low\u2010level sites AVE and KPZ were 10.8 and 6.7<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Relative contributions of biomass smoke to organic matter (OM) range from around 9\u201311% at the elevated sites SIL, PDD and SBO, as well as for AZO, to 36% at the low\u2010level site AVE and 28% at KPZ. Surprisingly high relative concentrations of biomass smoke in OM (68 and 47%) were observed for wintry conditions at the continental low\u2010level CARBOSOL sites AVE and KPZ. Thus biomass smoke is a very important constituent of the organic material in the mid and west European background with summer contributions to organic matter of around 1\u20136% and winter levels of around 20% at the elevated mountain sites and 47\u201368% at rural flat terrain sites, not including secondary organic aerosol from biomass combustion sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2006jd008114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,25]],"date-time":"2007-09-25T20:06:47Z","timestamp":1190750807000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":365,"title":["Levoglucosan levels at background sites in Europe for assessing the impact of biomass combustion on the European aerosol background"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Hans","family":"Puxbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology Vienna 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