{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T09:44:19Z","timestamp":1773654259506,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Brown carbon is a ubiquitous and unidentified component of organic aerosol which has recently come into the forefront of atmospheric research. This component is strongly linked to the class of humic\u2010like substances (HULIS) in aerosol whose ultimate origin is still being debated. Using a simplified spectroscopic method the concentrations of brown carbon have been determined in aqueous extracts of fine aerosol collected during the CARBOSOL project. On the basis of the results of 2\u2010year measurements of several aerosol constituents at six European sites, possible sources of brown carbon are inferred. Biomass burning (possibly domestic wood burning) is shown to be a major source of brown carbon in winter. At elevated sites in spring, smoke from agricultural fires may be an additional source. Direct comparison of measured brown carbon concentrations with HULIS determined by an independent method reveals that the two quantities correlate well at low\u2010elevation sites throughout the year. At high\u2010elevation sites the correlation is still high for winter but becomes markedly lower in summer, implying different sources and\/or atmospheric sinks of brown carbon and HULIS. The results shed some light on the relationships between atmospheric brown carbon and HULIS, two ill\u2010defined and overlapping components of organic aerosol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2006jd008151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,31]],"date-time":"2007-08-31T20:08:04Z","timestamp":1188590884000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Seasonal trends and possible sources of brown carbon based on 2\u2010year aerosol measurements at six sites in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Hajnalka","family":"Luk\u00e1cs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Chemistry Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pannonia  Veszpr\u00e9m Hungary"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Gelencs\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Chemistry Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pannonia  Veszpr\u00e9m Hungary"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Umweltphysik Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg  Heidelberg Germany"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Puxbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology  Vienna Austria"}]},{"given":"Casimiro","family":"Pio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Environment University of Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Legrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G\u00e9ophysique de l'Environnement Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  Saint Martin d'H\u00e9res France"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kasper\u2010Giebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology  Vienna Austria"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Handler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology  Vienna Austria"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Limbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology  Vienna Austria"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long\u2010Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre\u2013West Norwegian Meteorological Institute  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Radio and Space Science Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg Sweden"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Preunkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G\u00e9ophysique de l'Environnement Centre National de la Recherche 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