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The model underestimates EC concentrations by 19% on average, and the spatial correlation is 0.80. For individual sites, the model bias varies from \u221279 to 77% and the average temporal correlation is 0.53, varying from 0.25 to 0.79. The model flattens the north\u2010south EC gradient as it tends to overestimate EC for Nordic sites and underestimate EC for more southern sites. We have also studied the contributions of various processes to the model EC results. Using EC as a tracer of primary PM emissions from combustion sources we have made a preliminary evaluation of the anthropogenic EC (PM) emission. There are indications of a possible underestimation of EC emissions from traffic in some areas and both underestimation and overestimation of EC emissions from residential combustion for some European countries. The largest uncertainties probably lie in EC emissions from residential wood\/fossil combustion and are associated with both emission factors and spatial and temporal variation. The need to develop accurate and time resolved wildfire emissions is emphasized. The effect of EC aging is shown be rather limited for most of Europe (1 to 4%). Changes in EC wet scavenging ratio have a noticeable effect on calculated EC (between 5 and 25% for most Europe and 30\u201340% in remote areas), but EC scavenging ratios are still poorly known.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2006jd008164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,27]],"date-time":"2007-09-27T20:02:59Z","timestamp":1190923379000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Modeling of elemental carbon over Europe"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Tsyro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Meteorological Institute  Oslo Norway"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Meteorological Institute  Oslo Norway"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Tarras\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Meteorological Institute  Oslo Norway"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Klimont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied System Analysis  Laxenburg Austria"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kupiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Environmental Institute  Helsinki Finland"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Environment University of Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}]},{"given":"K. 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