{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:27:12Z","timestamp":1753871232183,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"A8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,28]],"date-time":"2008-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1219881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The great solar storm that took place on 24\u201325 October 1870 is not well known and has been almost absent from previous studies. In this work, a large amount of information that was registered at the time is compiled and analyzed, including early geomagnetic data and several comprehensive descriptions of the auroras observed during these two nights. These descriptions reveal unusual characteristics for a typical low\u2010latitude aurora. For example, unlike most low\u2010latitude auroras (generally red and diffuse), this event was mostly characterized by a variable palette of colors, including greenish and white. The geomagnetic records analyzed from Lisbon and Coimbra (Portugal), Greenwich (United Kingdom), Munich (Germany), and Helsinki (Finland) clearly show an intense geomagnetic disturbance on 24\u201325 October. The Coimbra magnetograms reveal that this disturbance consisted of two distinct geomagnetic storms, the first on 24 October (with amplitudes of 37\u2032 in D and 182 nT and 48 nT in H and Z, respectively), and the second on 25 October (with amplitudes of 33\u2032 in D and 281 nT and 192 nT in H and Z, respectively). Finally, from early photographic solar observations made during 1870, we have identified a long\u2010lived group of sunspots that are most likely related to the solar source of this great event of space weather.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2007ja012943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,28]],"date-time":"2008-08-28T04:34:46Z","timestamp":1219898086000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The 1870 space weather event: Geomagnetic and auroral records"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Vaquero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Universidad de Extremadura  Caceres Spain"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geof\u00edsico do Infante D. Lu\u00eds Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Geof\u00edsica Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Geof\u00edsica Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharias e Ci\u00eancias Naturais Universidade Lus\u00f3fona  Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geof\u00edsico Universidade de Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Geof\u00edsica Universidade de Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Extremadura  Badajoz Spain"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Adem J.(1958) Results of the International Geophysical Year in Mexico Rep. 1 Inst. de Geofis. de la Univ. Nac. Auton. de Mex. Mexico City Mexico."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/89EO00409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6826(00)00119-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"The auroral display of January 25\u201326, 1938","volume":"63","author":"Barlow E. W.","year":"1938","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Northern lights come south","volume":"2","author":"Bernhard H. 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