{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:55:45Z","timestamp":1774349745825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,10]],"date-time":"2008-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1213056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Building emission inventories for the fires in boreal regions remains a challenging task with significant uncertainties in the methods used. In this work, we assess the impact of seasonal trends in fuel consumption and flaming\/smoldering ratios on emissions of species dominated by flaming combustion (e.g., NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) and species dominated by smoldering combustion (e.g., CO). This is accomplished using measurements of CO and NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>at the free tropospheric Pico Mountain observatory in the central North Atlantic during the active boreal fire seasons of 2004 and 2005. \u0394NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\/\u0394CO enhancement ratios in aged fire plumes had higher values in June\u2010July (7.3 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>mol mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) relative to the values in August\u2010September (2.8 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>mol mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), indicating that NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\/CO emission ratios declined significantly as the fire season progressed. This is consistent with our understanding that an increased amount of fuel is consumed via smoldering combustion during late summer, as deeper burning of the drying organic soil layer occurs. A major growth in fuel consumption per unit area is also expected, due to deeper burning. Emissions of CO and NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>from North American boreal fires were estimated using the Boreal Wildland Fire Emissions Model, and their long\u2010range transport to the sampling site was modeled using FLEXPART. These simulations were generally consistent with the observations, but the modeled seasonal decline in the \u0394NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\/\u0394CO enhancement ratio was less than observed. Comparisons using alternative fire emission injection height scenarios suggest that plumes with the highest CO levels at the observatory were lofted well above the boundary layer, likely as a result of intense crown fires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2007jd009421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,9]],"date-time":"2008-06-09T20:01:10Z","timestamp":1213041670000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Late summer changes in burning conditions in the boreal regions and their implications for NO<sub><i>x<\/i><\/sub>and CO emissions from boreal fires"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Lapina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan USA"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Honrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan USA"}]},{"given":"R. C.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan USA"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Val Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan USA"}]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Hyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Meteorology Division Naval Research Laboratory Monterey California USA"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Fialho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate, Meteorology and Global Change Center, Group of Chemistry and Physics of the Atmosphere University of the Azores Terra Ch\u00e3 Portugal"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Assessment of global emissions from vegetation fires","volume":"31","author":"Andreae M. O.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. For. 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