{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:21:26Z","timestamp":1767824486531,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,4]],"date-time":"2008-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geochem Geophys Geosyst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To explore effects of hot spots on mid\u2010ocean ridge hydrothermal systems, we conducted nested sonar, hydrothermal plume, and near\u2010bottom photographic surveys along the portion of the Gal\u00e1pagos Spreading Center (GSC) influenced by the Gal\u00e1pagos hot spot, from longitude 95\u00b0\u201389.5\u00b0W. We report the first active high\u2010temperature black smokers to be found on the GSC, at longitudes 94\u00b04.5\u2032W and 91\u00b056.2\u2032\u201354.3\u2032W; describe two areas of recently inactive smokers, at longitudes 91\u00b023.4\u2032\u201323.7\u2032W and 91\u00b013.8\u2032W; and document an older inactive site, at longitude 90\u00b033.4\u2032W. All imaged vents issue either from dike\u2010induced fissures along linear axial volcanic ridges and collapses or from a caldera. Magmatic control of hydrothermal systems also is revealed by spatial clustering of plumes within the topographically elevated middles of volcanic ridge segments with inferred centralized melt supply. In searched areas, smokers are more typical than diffuse flow vents, but total GSC plume incidence is half of that expected from the spreading rate. Why? Dike\u2010fed fissures provide permeable pathways for efficient hydrothermal extraction of magmatic heat, but cones without calderas do not. Among many point\u2010source cones surveyed, only the two with calderas had detectable plumes. Possibly, dominance of point\u2010source over linear\u2010source melt delivery on the GSC decreases plume incidence. Also, similar maturities of observed vents and their host lava flows indicate that hydrothermally active volcanic segments along the western GSC are contemporaneously in a waning phase of volcanic\u2010hydrothermal activity. Perhaps ridge\/hot spot interaction produces melt pulses that drive near\u2010synchronous volcanic\u2010hydrothermal activity on the volcanic segments spanning the hot spot. During active periods, hydrothermally active dike\u2010fed fissures and calderas may be more abundant than we currently observe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2008gc002114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,4]],"date-time":"2008-12-04T00:30:23Z","timestamp":1228350623000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["High\u2010resolution surveys along the hot spot\u2013affected G\u00e1lapagos Spreading Center: 3. Black smoker discoveries and the implications for geological controls on hydrothermal activity"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Haymon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute University of California  Santa Barbara California 93106 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences University of South Carolina  Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward T.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory NOAA  7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle Washington 98115 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute University of California  Santa Barbara California 93106 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken C.","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute University of California  Santa Barbara California 93106 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Resing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean University of Washington and NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory  7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle Washington 98115 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB01209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Mid\u2010Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans","author":"Baker E. 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