{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T22:22:04Z","timestamp":1759530124020,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the long\u2010term frequency variability of high\u2010surge events (HSEs) in the North Adriatic, the so\u2010called <jats:italic>acqua alta<\/jats:italic>, which, particularly during autumn, cause flooding of the historical city center of Venice. The period 1948\u20132008, when hourly observations of sea level are available, is considered. The frequency of HSEs is correlated with the 11 year solar cycle, solar maxima being associated with a significant increase in the October\u2010November\u2010December HSE frequency. The seasonal geopotential height pattern at 1000 hPa (storm surge pattern; SSP) associated with the increased frequency of HSEs is identified for the whole time period and found to be similar to the positive phase of the main variability mode of the regional atmospheric circulation (empirical orthogonal function 1; EOF1). However, further analysis indicates that solar activity modulates the spatial patterns of the atmospheric circulation (EOF) and the favorable conditions for HSE occurrence (SSP). Under solar maxima, the occurrence of HSEs is enhanced by the main mode of regional atmospheric variability, namely, a large\u2010scale wave train pattern that is symptomatic of storm track paths over northern Europe. Solar minima reveal a substantially different and less robust SSP, consisting of a meridionally oriented dipole with a preferred southward path of storm track activity, which is not associated with any dominant mode of atmospheric variability during low\u2010solar periods. It is concluded that solar activity plays an indirect role in the frequency of HSEs by modulating the spatial patterns of the main modes of atmospheric regional variability, the favorable patterns for HSE occurrence, and their mutual relationships, so that constructive interaction between them is enhanced during solar maxima and inhibited in solar minima.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2009jd013114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]],"date-time":"2010-06-30T20:56:00Z","timestamp":1277931360000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A discussion of the links between solar variability and high\u2010storm\u2010surge events in Venice"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Barriopedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CGUL\u2010IDL, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento F\u00edsica de la Tierra II, Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Lionello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science University of Salento  Lecce Italy"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science University of Salento  Lecce Italy"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5483.1301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"APAT(2006) Aggiornamento sulle osservazioni dei livelli di marea nella laguna di Venezia Rapporto no. 69\/2006 Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services Venice."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2004.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100493(1987)115<1083:CSAPOL>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009789"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868891"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023902120717"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921\u20108181(03)00100\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005607103766"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2003.02.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2005.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006813"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2004.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Venice and Its Lagoon, State of Knowledge","author":"Lionello P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006283"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Possible defenses against a sea\u2010level rise in the Venice area, Italy","volume":"7","author":"Pirazzoli P. 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