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Here we use seismic data from SW Europe and NW Africa, spanning the region between the Pyrenees and the Canaries, in order to obtain a new<jats:italic>S\u2010SKS<\/jats:italic>relative arrival\u2010time tomographic model of the upper mantle below Iberia, Western Morocco, and the Canaries. Similar to previous<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>wave tomographic results, the<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>wave model provides evidence for (1) subvertical upper\u2010mantle low\u2010velocity structures below the Canaries, Atlas Ranges, and Gibraltar Arc, which are interpreted as mantle upwellings fed by a common lower\u2010mantle source below the Canaries; and (2) two low\u2010velocity anomalies below the eastern Rif and Betics that we interpret as the result of the interaction between quasi\u2010toroidal mantle flow induced by the Gibraltar slab and the mantle upwelling behind it. The analysis of teleseismic<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>wave and<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>wave arrival\u2010time residuals and the conversion of the low\u2010velocity anomalies to temperature variations suggest that the upwellings in the upper mantle below the Canaries, Atlas Ranges, and Gibraltar Arc system may be solely thermal in nature, with temperature excesses in the range ~100\u2013350\u00a0\u00b0C. Our results also indicate that local partial melting can be present at lithospheric depths, especially below the Atlas Ranges. The locations of thermal mantle upwellings are in good agreement with those of thinned lithosphere, moderate to high heat\u2010flow measurements, and recent magmatic activity at the surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2018jb016531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T19:10:22Z","timestamp":1547147422000},"page":"1781-1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Thermal Nature of Mantle Upwellings Below the Ibero\u2010Western Maghreb Region Inferred From Teleseismic Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6809-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Civiero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies Dublin Ireland"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Cust\u00f3dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Rawlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences \u2010 Bullard Laboratories University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Strak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Arroucau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EDF\/DIPNN\/DI\/TEGG\/SGG, Groupe Al\u00e9a Sismique Aix\u2010en\u2010Provence France"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Corela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2006.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010TC002859"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00195-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"Basili R. 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