{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T01:39:25Z","timestamp":1761788365445,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Earth and Space Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250\u2009km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100\u00a0ns) using the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Cosmic\u2010Ray Observatory. The Auger Observatory is located in the Mendoza province of Argentina with a viewing footprint for elve observations of \n\u2009km\n, reaching areas above the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the C\u00f3rdoba region, which is known for severe convective thunderstorms. Primarily designed for ultrahigh energy cosmic\u2010ray observations, the Auger FD turns out to be very sensitive to the ultraviolet emission in elves. The detector features modified Schmidt optics with large apertures resulting in a field of view that spans the horizon, and year\u2010round operation on dark nights with low moonlight background, when the local weather is favorable. The measured light profiles of 18% of the elve events have more than one peak, compatible with intracloud activity. Within the 3\u2010year sample, 72% of the elves correlate with the far\u2010field radiation measurements of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The Auger Observatory plans to continue operations until at least 2025, including elve observations and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this observatory is the only facility on Earth that measures elves with year\u2010round operation and full horizon coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2019ea000582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]],"date-time":"2020-02-22T05:42:27Z","timestamp":1582350147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A 3\u2010Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic\u2010Ray Observatory"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Aab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMAPP Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas\u00a0\u2013\u00a0LIP and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico\u00a0\u2013\u00a0IST Universidade de Lisboa\u00a0\u2013\u00a0UL Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Aglietta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF) Torino Italy"},{"name":"INFN Sezione di Torino Torino Italy"}]},{"given":"I. 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