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Here we use a combination of newly generated and published organic paleothermometer records, together with novel high\u2010resolution benthic foraminiferal \u03b4<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O stratigraphy, from four sites in the midlatitude North Atlantic (41\u201358\u00b0N) to reconstruct the long\u2010term evolution of the latitudinal SST gradient during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene (4.0 to 2.4\u00a0Myr), the last time atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>reached concentrations above 400\u00a0ppmv. We demonstrate that the latitudinal SST gradient in the North Atlantic nearly collapsed twice during this period. We conclude that the latitudinal SST gradient in the midlatitude North Atlantic has two end\u2010members: a maximum as existing at present and a minimum that existed during certain periods of the (late) Pliocene. Our results suggest that the 400\u2010ppmv Pliocene world was more dynamic than currently thought.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2020pa003905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T18:15:30Z","timestamp":1587665730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Repeated Near\u2010Collapse of the Pliocene Sea Surface Temperature Gradient in the North Atlantic"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5125-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. D. A.","family":"Naafs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry and Cabot Institute University of Bristol Bristol UK"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6465-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. H. L.","family":"Voelker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divis\u00e3o de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR, Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve Faro Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7436-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Karas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany"},{"name":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades NY USA"},{"name":"Instituto de Geograf\u00eda Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Paleoclimate University of Chile Santiago Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4148-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research CAU Kiel Kiel Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. J.","family":"Sierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences University of Salamanca Salamanca Spain"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015PA002806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-13-1153-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_5_1","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic synthesis, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94","volume":"94","author":"Baldauf J. 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