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In addition, there may be smaller, buried faults off the major faults which are not properly characterized or even recognized as active. These all pose hazard to cities along the mountain range front such as Almaty, Kazakhstan. Here, we explore the seismic hazard and risk for Almaty from specific earthquake scenarios. We run three historical\u2010based earthquake scenarios (1887 Verny<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ess2922-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:23335084:media:ess2922:ess2922-math-0002\"\/>7.3, 1889 Chilik<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ess2922-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:23335084:media:ess2922:ess2922-math-0003\"\/>8.0 and 1911 Chon\u2010Kemin<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ess2922-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:23335084:media:ess2922:ess2922-math-0004\"\/>8.0) on the current population and four hypothetical scenarios for near\u2010field faulting. By making high\u2010resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from SPOT and Pleiades stereo optical satellite imagery, we identify fault splays near and under Almaty. We assess the feasibility of using DEMs to estimate city building heights, aiming to better constrain future exposure datasets. Both Pleiades and SPOT\u2010derived DEMs find accurate building heights of the majority of sampled buildings within error; Pleiades tri\u2010stereo estimates 80% of 15 building heights within one sigma and has the smallest average percentage difference to field\u2010measured heights (14%). A moderately sized<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ess2922-math-0005.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:23335084:media:ess2922:ess2922-math-0005\"\/>6.5 earthquake rupture occurring on a blind thrust fault, under folding north of Almaty is the most damaging scenario explored here due to the modeled fault stretching under Almaty, with estimated 12,300<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ess2922-math-0006.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:23335084:media:ess2922:ess2922-math-0006\"\/>5,000 completely damaged buildings, 4,100<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ess2922-math-0007.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:23335084:media:ess2922:ess2922-math-0007\"\/>3,500 fatalities and an economic cost of 4,700<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ess2922-math-0008.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:23335084:media:ess2922:ess2922-math-0008\"\/>2,700 Million US dollars (one sigma uncertainty). This highlights the importance of characterizing location, extent, geometry, and activity of small faults beneath cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2021ea001664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T08:37:12Z","timestamp":1627461432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Significant Seismic Risk Potential From Buried Faults Beneath Almaty City, Kazakhstan, Revealed From High\u2010Resolution Satellite DEMs"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth M. 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