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Understanding the patterns of regional variations at different temporal and spatial scales is key to implement adaptation plans that mitigate the local impacts of sea level rise. In this study, i<jats:italic>n situ<\/jats:italic> observations from 14 tide gauges were complemented with satellite altimetry data to assess seasonality, multidecadal variability and long\u2010term trends in mean sea level around the Western Iberian Coast (WIC) and the Portuguese archipelagos (Azores and Madeira). Results show varying spatial seasonal patterns between regions, with minimum (maximum) sea level observed in April (September) at the islands and minimum (maximum) observed in July (November) at the WIC. The influence of coastal upwelling on the seasonal mean sea level variations was detected over mainland. Although the influence of atmospheric patterns was observed on sea level inter\u2010annual variability, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) showed a greater correlation with the sea level inter\u2010decadal patterns. Finally, the trend analysis confirmed widespread sea level rise along the mainland and around the islands, which has intensified in recent decades. The regions of La Coru\u00f1a and Cascais showed trends that were similar to the global average sea level rise since 1993, but the mainland regional average pointed to lower rates of rise (2.00\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06\u00a0mm\/year). This work reinforces the need for long\u2010term monitoring networks of sea level, ensuring the vertical stability of instruments and platforms. The implementation of regional adaptation plans to sea level rise is deeply dependent on high quality information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2023jc020742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T23:54:45Z","timestamp":1726703685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Seasonal Patterns, Inter\u2010Annual Variability, and Long\u2010Term Trends of Mean Sea Level Along the Western Iberian Coast and the North Atlantic Islands"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7252-1241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Biguino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE)\/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9722-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan D.","family":"Haigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean and Earth Science National Oceanography Centre University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1855-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL) Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6254-3367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Hidrogr\u00e1fico (IH)  Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4786-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Tel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IEO\u2010CSIC) Servicios Centrales Calle Coraz\u00f3n de Mar\u00eda  Madrid Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Miguel","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE)\/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dynatmoce.2021.101239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC010923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Subida do N\u00edvel M\u00e9dio do Mar em Cascais, revis\u00e3o da taxa actual. 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