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However, natural colloids (1\u00a0nm\u20131\u00a0\u03bcm), including natural nanoparticles (NNP, 1\u2013100\u00a0nm), constitute a major but largely unexplored part of this dissolved phase. We hypothesized (a) that there is a systematic seasonal variation in colloidal concentrations across European catchments, and (b) that the colloidal concentrations are mainly controlled by site conditions, that is, prevalent reference soil groups. To test these hypotheses, the base flow of seven stream waters was sampled from a transect across Europe from Northern Finland to Portugal at monthly intervals for 1\u00a0year. Three colloidal size fractions (1\u201320\u00a0nm, &gt;20\u201360\u00a0nm, and &gt;60\u00a0nm) were identified using field flow fractionation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and an organic carbon detector for the size\u2010resolved detection of Al, Si, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and organic C. Colloids accounted for up to 90%\u2013100% of total element concentrations, emphasizing the importance of colloids for element cycling. Element concentrations showed seasonal patterns in stream waters. However, these patterns differed between the catchments with distinct soil groups: the catchments with dystrophic terrestrial soils exhibited peak flows in colloidal element concentrations during spring, whereas those with eutrophic terrestrial soils did during summer. By contrast, catchments with Gleysols showed season\u2010unrelated single peaks of high element export. Peak concentrations were also influenced by the climatic regime, which in turn impacted colloid abundance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2024gb008467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T11:12:39Z","timestamp":1749726759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Natural Nanoparticles and Colloids in Forested Streams Across Europe: Seasonal Patterns and Impact of Soil Groups"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike","family":"Schimmel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Science and Soil Ecology Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conversation (INRES) University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4920-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wulf","family":"Amelung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Science and Soil Ecology Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conversation (INRES) University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Bio\u2010 and Geosciences (IBG\u20103) Agrosphere Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich  J\u00fclich Germany"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Gottselig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Science and Soil Ecology Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conversation (INRES) University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9017-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria\u2010Teresa","family":"Sebasti\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group GAMES and Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering School of Agrifood and Forestry Engineering and Veterinary Medicine University of Lleida  Lleida Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change (ECOFUN) Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC)  Solsona Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Jacob","family":"Keizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Environment and Planning GeoBioTec &amp; CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) University of Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7384-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martinho A. 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