{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:38:10Z","timestamp":1768981090574,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geochem Geophys Geosyst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Speleothems are mineral deposits capable of recording detrital and\/or chemical remanent magnetization at annual timescales. They can offer high\u2010resolution paleomagnetic records of short\u2010term variations in Earth's magnetic field, crucial for understanding the evolution of the dynamo. Owing to limitations on the magnetic moment sensitivity of commercial cryogenic rock magnetometers (\u223c10<jats:sup>\u221211<\/jats:sup>\u00a0Am<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), paleomagnetic studies of speleothems have been limited to samples with volumes of several hundreds of mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, averaging tens to hundreds of years of magnetic variation. Nonetheless, smaller samples (\u223c1\u201310\u00a0mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) can be measured using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopy, with a sensitivity better than \u223c10<jats:sup>\u221215<\/jats:sup>\u00a0Am<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. To determine the application of SQUID microscopy for obtaining robust high\u2010resolution records from small\u2010volume speleothem samples, we analyzed three different stalagmites collected from Lapa dos Morcegos Cave (Portugal), Pau d'Alho Cave (Brazil), and Crevice Cave (United States). These stalagmites are representative of a range of magnetic properties and have been previously studied with conventional rock magnetometers. We show that by using SQUID microscopy we can achieve a five\u2010fold improvement in temporal resolution for samples with higher abundances of magnetic carriers (e.g., Pau d'Alho Cave and Lapa dos Morcegos Cave). In contrast, speleothems with low abundances of magnetic carriers (e.g., Crevice Cave) do not benefit from higher resolution analysis and are best analyzed using conventional rock magnetometers. Overall, by targeting speleothem samples with high concentrations of magnetic carriers we can increase the temporal resolution of magnetic records, setting the stage for resolving geomagnetic variations at short time scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2024gc011594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T15:44:53Z","timestamp":1728143093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Obtaining High\u2010Resolution Magnetic Records From Speleothems Using Magnetic Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3456-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cau\u00ea S.","family":"Borlina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge MA USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5667-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge MA USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5845-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Feinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Institute for Rock Magnetism University of Minnesota  Minneapolis MN USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5907-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Plinio","family":"Jaqueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Institute for Rock Magnetism University of Minnesota  Minneapolis MN USA"}]},{"given":"Ioan","family":"Lascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mineral Sciences National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution  Washington DC USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo I. F.","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astronomia, Geof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Font","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra Universidade de Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3390-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa M.","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, EPS Universidade de Burgos  Burgos Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca Antonio","family":"Dimuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT)  Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo  Bunkyo City Japan"}]},{"given":"Josep M.","family":"Par\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana  Burgos Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3113-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin P.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge MA USA"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Dorale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Iowa  Iowa IA USA"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015jb012441"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7288\/V4\/MAGIC\/20187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj6928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav9634"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720404115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000jb900192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2019.115946"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322577111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1884025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014jb011381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.604505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008gc001987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GC005582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016jb013541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201028972\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010246x.1980.tb02601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007gc001856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB015909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/g37490.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031\u20109201(89)90034\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/280383a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.47.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016gc006487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gc010724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.37.823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010246x.1989.tb06011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623\u2010016\u20100549\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/g31610.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.49.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018gc007651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016jb013789"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033822200033865"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/rdc.2020.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014860"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201021761\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013gc004950"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003gc000635"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809197115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007jb004940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2022.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2019.01.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2007.01.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610930114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011gc003869"}],"container-title":["Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2024GC011594","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T09:50:36Z","timestamp":1730195436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2024GC011594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2024GC011594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2024gc011594","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-2027","1525-2027"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-2027","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-2027","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2024GC011594"}}