{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T02:27:13Z","timestamp":1786760833412,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017437","name":"NASA Headquarters","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017437","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Earth and Space Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examines the impact of assimilating all\u2010sky microwave radiances from the Time\u2010Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission within the NASA Global Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation and forecasting framework based on the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) system. Observing system experiments and Forecast Sensitivity to Observation Impact (FSOI) diagnostics were conducted, covering July through September 2023 for the experiments and August 2023 for the FSOI analysis. Results show that TROPICS radiances improve the representation of tropical moisture, temperature, and wind structures and reduce forecast error across multiple atmospheric fields. The strongest improvements occur in the lower and middle troposphere and persist through forecast day five. The constellation architecture plays a key role, with the four\u2010satellite configuration producing larger and more spatially coherent benefits than any individual platform in idealized experiments, with smaller but consistent positive impacts in the full GEOS\u2010FP system. Even within a radiance\u2010rich observing system, TROPICS provides complementary information on moist convective processes. Consistency between deterministic forecast verification and FSOI diagnostics supports the robustness of these findings. Overall, small\u2010satellite constellations with high revisit rates can add value to global numerical weather prediction by improving the depiction of tropical convection in modern data assimilation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2026ea005051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T01:41:48Z","timestamp":1786758108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assimilation of All\u2010Sky TROPICS Constellation Radiance Data in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2459-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min\u2010Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Lexington MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Vince","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Lexington MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Priv\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"},{"name":"Morgan State University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.56"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2025.3582502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM\u2010D\u201025\u20100007.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/mwr\u2010d\u201020\u20100339.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100493(1998)126<2287:tuotcc>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR\u2010D\u201021\u20100273.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100870.2006.00217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jstars.2024.3518541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21957\/obosmx154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100870.2008.00388.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/0941\u20102948\/2007\/0248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"3566","article-title":"Examination of observation impacts derived from observing system experiments","volume":"138","author":"Gelaro R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Global Modeling and Assimilation Office NASA. (2026).GEOS\u2010GSI GridComp TROPICS assimilation configuration and supporting files archive[Software].Zenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.18475011","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.18475011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","article-title":"All\u2010sky assimilation impacts of the Tomorrow.io microwave sounder constellation on global weather forecasts","author":"Guerrette J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Han Y.(2006).JCSDA community radiative transfer model (CRTM): Version 1NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 122 (p.40)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS\u2010D\u201022\u20100015.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR\u2010D\u201019\u20100100.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2483.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2009waf2222201.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21957\/0a695fcc39"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"TROPICS Level\u20101 radiance algorithm theoretical basis document (Version 2.0)","author":"Leslie R. V.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"User guide for TROPICS data products","author":"Leslie R. V.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25923\/c23x\u2010ac34"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2486.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3808.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100469(1969)26<636:aparbn>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd\u20108\u20101339\u20102015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"The GEOS\u20105 atmospheric general circulation model: Mean climate and development from MERRA to Fortuna","author":"Molod A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/mwr\u2010d\u201023\u20100191.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100493(1992)120<1747:TNMCSS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"118","volume-title":"The GEOS\u20105 data assimilation system\u2014Documentation of versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0","author":"Rienecker M. M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ065i005p01643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","article-title":"The GMAO hybrid ensemble\u2010variational atmospheric data assimilation system version 2.0 (NASA\/TM\u20102018\u2010104606)","volume":"50","author":"Todling R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"NASA Technical Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Major program annual report on NOAA satellites to accompany the FY 2024 budget request","author":"Volz S. M.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3841.1","article-title":"A simplified representation of millimeter\u2010wave scattering by cylindrical ice aggregates","volume":"64","author":"Weinman J. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.131.3415.1708"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113479","article-title":"Atmospheric humidity and temperature sounding from the CubeSat TROPICS mission","volume":"287","author":"Yang J. X.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100469(2003)060<1173:eomcom>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2233"}],"container-title":["Earth and Space Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2026EA005051","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1029\/2026EA005051","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2026EA005051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T01:41:52Z","timestamp":1786758112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2026EA005051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2026EA005051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2026ea005051","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2333-5084","2333-5084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2333-5084","type":"print"},{"value":"2333-5084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2026EA005051"}}