{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:22:32Z","timestamp":1767910952806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,12]],"date-time":"2002-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1010793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":256,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in approximately 1% of all live births. Although most CHDs are of unknown etiology, a family history of CHDs is a known risk factor, and offspring of individuals with CHDs are at a higher risk of having CHDs. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative risk for CHDs to offspring of individuals with CHDs. \u2028Methods: The prevalence rates of CHDs in offspring of 203 individuals with CHDs and 282 individuals without CHDs were investigated. The study participants completed a questionnaire that included information on medical and reproductive history, lifestyle indicators, and family history of CHDs and other congenital malformations. The prevalence rates of CHDs in offspring were calculated. \u2028Results: The prevalence of CHDs was 3.1% (18\/575) in offspring of individuals with CHDs and 1.3% (8\/589) in offspring of individuals without CHDs. The adjusted odds ratio for CHDs to offspring of parents with CHDs was 1.73 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.89\u20132.44, p=0.02). The estimated relative risk for offspring to females with CHD was higher than for males [2.3 (95% CI 1.1\u20134.7, p=0.03) versus 1.31 (95% CI 0.48\u20134.30, p=0.66), respectively]. There was no suggestion of association between CHDs and maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and use of medication during pregnancy. \u2028Conclusions: Offspring of parents with CHDs are at a higher risk for CHDs compared with the general population. Couples where one member is affected with CHD should receive pre\u2010conceptional or pre\u2010natal genetic counseling and should be informed about the magnitude of the potential risk of CHDs to the offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2001.590505.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T11:27:05Z","timestamp":1047382025000},"page":"325-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The risk for congenital heart defects in offspring of individuals with congenital heart defects"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"O","family":"Romano\u2010Zelekha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Hirsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Blieden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MS","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Shohat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"1207","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics","author":"Michels VV","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Practical Genetic Counselling","author":"Harper PS","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80175-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.57.2.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320290117"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90956-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.18.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)06486-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","first-page":"114","article-title":"Occurrence risk for congenital heart defect in relatives of patients with aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, or ventricular septal defect","volume":"87","author":"Driscoll DJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90610-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.49.2.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320260411"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(82)90334-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Risk of congenital heart defect in relatives of patients with atrioventricular canal","volume":"147","author":"Digilio MC","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJDC"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","volume-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors of major cardiovascular malformation: The Baltimore\u2013Washington Infant Study 1981\u20131989","author":"Ferencz C","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","unstructured":"Israel Center for Disease Control (ICDC). 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