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However, antibodies to \u03b2\u2010cell proteins are also generated and may be used for predicting disease in at\u2010risk populations. Over the past two decades, numerous \u03b2\u2010cell proteins and lipids have been implicated as autoantigens in patients or in non\u2010obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a well\u2010studied animal model of T1D. Here, we present a review of these antigens, accompanied by their T\u2010cell epitopes, where known, and a discussion of our current understanding of why particular self\u2010proteins become disease\u2010inciting antigens. Although two dozen \u03b2\u2010cell antigens have been identified to date, few of these have been confirmed to be recognized by pathogenic T cells early in the disease process. Further identification and characterization of initiating \u03b2\u2010cell antigens targeted by pathogenic T cells should be a priority for future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2003.00152.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,3]],"date-time":"2003-11-03T20:18:55Z","timestamp":1067890735000},"page":"359-377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["A comprehensive guide to antibody and T\u2010cell responses in type 1 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