{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:57:09Z","timestamp":1791280629125,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1047427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":345,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cyclodextrins are cylindrical oligosaccharides with a lipophilic central cavity and hydrophilic outer surface. They can form water\u2010soluble complexes with lipophilic drugs, which \u2018hide\u2019 in the cavity. Cyclodextrins can be used to form aqueous eye drop solutions with lipophilic drugs, such as steroids and some carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The cyclodextrins increase the water solubility of the drug, enhance drug absorption into the eye, improve aqueous stability and reduce local irritation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Cyclodextrins are useful excipients in eye drop formulations of various drugs, including steroids of any kind, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, pilocarpine, cyclosporins, etc. Their use in ophthalmology has already begun and is likely to expand the selection of drugs available as eye drops.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this paper we review the properties of cyclodextrins and their application in eye drop formulations, of which their use in the formulation of dexamethasone eye drops is an example. Cyclodextrins have been used to formulate eye drops containing corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, with levels of concentration and ocular absorption which, according to human and animal studies, are many times those seen with presently available formulations. Cyclodextrin\u2010based dexamethasone eye drops are well tolerated in the eye and seem to provide a higher degree of bioavailability and clinical efficiency than the steroid eye drop formulations presently available. Such formulations offer the possibility of once per day application of corticosteroid eye drops after eye surgery, and more intensive topical steroid treatment in severe inflammation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>While cyclodextrins have been known for more than a century, their use in ophthalmology is just starting. Cyclodextrins are useful excipients in eye drop formulations for a variety of lipophilic drugs. They will facilitate eye drop formulations for drugs that otherwise might not be available for topical use, while improving absorption and stability and decreasing local irritation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2002.800205.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T03:19:12Z","timestamp":1047352752000},"page":"144-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Cyclodextrins in eye drop formulations: enhanced topical delivery of corticosteroids to the eye"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Thorsteinn","family":"Loftsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einar","family":"Stef\u00e1nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600760802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(00)00108-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00648-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689209000737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600620712"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(97)00199-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Interaction between cyclodextrins and ophthalmic drugs","volume":"39","author":"Van Dorne H","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689309001843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"377","volume-title":"Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery.","author":"Gangrade NK","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02508457"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/0271-3683(200007)21:1;1-Z;FT566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(97)00111-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(96)04522-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689409015093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"3150","article-title":"The effect on the cornea of alpha cyclodextrin vehicle for cyclosporin eye drops","volume":"21","author":"Kanai A","year":"1989","journal-title":"Transplant Proc, Book 1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1076\/0271-3683(200006)2061-YFT496","article-title":"Effect of vehicle upon in vitro transcorneal permeability and intracorneal content of \u03949\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"20","author":"Kearse EC","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000055640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(96)04660-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Dexamethasone\u2010cyclodextrin\u2010polymer co\u2010complexes in aqueous eye drops","volume":"37","author":"Kristinsson JK","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, a Multi\u2010Disciplinary Approach.","author":"Lang JC","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"733","article-title":"Increasing the cyclodextrin complexation of drugs and drug biovailability through addition of water\u2010soluble polymers","volume":"53","author":"Loftsson T","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/js950534b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03835.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(94)90194-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(98)00055-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00580-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049709148496"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Topically effective acetazolamide eye\u2010drop solution in man","volume":"6","author":"Loftsson T","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharm Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(98)00182-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"451","volume-title":"23rd International Symposium Contro. 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