{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:27:02Z","timestamp":1787002022603,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,9]],"date-time":"2002-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1039392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Medical Primatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In this paper, the occurrence of an external genital abnormality in female marmoset monkeys (fused labia) is discussed. This malformation was detected, for the first time, in a group of animals at the German Primate Center (GPC), Goettingen. The malformed vulva was completely sealed except for an opening of 1.5\u20132.5\u2003mm around the urethra sufficient for urination. Because of this defect the animals were not able to copulate. As a consequence, the affected females were functionally infertile although they had a normal genital tract and a regular cycle. This vulvar abnormality was found in 12 females, offspring of 10 pairs in which either one or both came to the German Primate Center from two genetically related colonies in Munich, Germany, and one colony in Basel, Switzerland. The abnormality appeared to be recessive and inheritable from either parent. In pairs in which both animals were from one of the mentioned colonies, 45% of the female offspring were affected. In pairs where only one partner came from these colonies, 26% of female offspring had the malformation. These results indicate that avoidance of inbreeding, which is frequently performed in primate colonies, may reduce, but not eliminate the expression of abnormalities of genetic origin. Therefore selective breeding is required, and, in colonies where these recessive mutations are widespread, the development of genetic screening tests would be advantageous.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0684.2002.t01-1-02002.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T01:35:46Z","timestamp":1047432946000},"page":"350-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Congenitally caused fused labia in the common marmoset (\n                    <i>Callithrix jacchus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"E.F.","family":"Isachenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.L.","family":"Nayudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.V.","family":"Isachenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Nawroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.W.","family":"Michelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","first-page":"858","article-title":"Diagnosis and repair of familial diaphragmatic defects in golden lion tamarins","volume":"177","author":"Bush M","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1986.tb00403.x","article-title":"Congenital anomalie in two neonatal tamarins (Saguinus oedipus and Saguinus fuscicollis):","volume":"15","author":"Chalifoux LV","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.1965.tb01590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","first-page":"267","article-title":"Small species of primates in biomedical research","volume":"18","author":"Cooper RW","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lab Anim Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-199312000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367790780890095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Marmosets as laboratory animals","volume":"17","author":"Deinhardt JB","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lab Anim Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod50.6.1216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1767-9_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/209731a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Use of common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, in reproductive research","volume":"10","author":"Hearn JP","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prim Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0990243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770140303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","first-page":"506","article-title":"Zur Entstehung and Behandlung der Vulva\u2010Synechien beim Kinde","volume":"120","author":"Huber A","year":"1970","journal-title":"Wiener Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","first-page":"624","article-title":"Congenital malformations and twinning in a breeding colony of Old World monkeys","volume":"37","author":"Jerome CP","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)42:3<225::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1997.tb00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"A pregnant heifer with a congenital incompletely developed vulva","volume":"56","author":"Oettle EE","year":"1985","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Diagnosis of congenital abnormalities of the vulva and vagina","volume":"34","author":"Paniel BJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr, Paris"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1997.tb00222.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","unstructured":"PhillipsIR:Macaque and marmoset monkeys as animal models for study of birth defects. 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