{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T18:24:51Z","timestamp":1773080691169,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,19]],"date-time":"2002-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1016496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>The purpose of this study was to determine whether any relationship exists between the occurrence of oral lesions and opportunistic systemic diseases among HIV\u2010infected subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>A cross\u2010sectional analytical study was performed in two hundred and seventy\u2010eight HIV\u2010infected heterosexual persons and intravenous drug users (IVDUs)(230 males and 48 females, aged 16\u201365\u2003years, mean 31.9\u2003years). Eighty\u2010six HIV\u2010free subjects from the same population were included as controls (61 males and 25 females, aged 17\u201363\u2003years, mean age 33.1\u2003years). The following information was recorded for each patient: age, gender, risk group and stage of HIV infection, immune status, medication, systemic disease and presence of oral lesions.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>Oral candidiasis was the most common oral lesion among HIV\u2010infected individuals (40%), followed by hairy leukoplakia (HL)(26%). The three most common systemic diseases among the subjects were tuberculosis (TB)(53%), cryptococcosis (14%) and<jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>pnuemonia (PCP)(11%). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between the occurrence of TB and the presence of oral candidiasis (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6\u20134.8;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u200a0.001), and the occurrence of PCP and the presence of HL (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1\u20134.3;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u200a0.001). Positive predictive values of any oral lesions and oral candidiasis in predicting TB were 87% (95% CI 73.0\u201394.6) and 67% (95% CI 51.9\u201380.0), respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>We concluded that oral candidiasis might be used as a clinical marker for TB, and HL for PCP. Recognition of the lesions by health\u2010care providers may indicate the need for more intensive clinical and laboratory monitoring and possibly initiation of prophylaxis against these opportunistic systemic infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2002.310307.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T07:45:52Z","timestamp":1047455152000},"page":"163-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Co\u2010existence between oral lesions and opportunistic systemic diseases among HIV\u2010infected subjects in 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