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Their structures are reviewed as a whole rather than focused on the histidine (His)\u2010bound metal active site, which is the part of the molecule common to all these proteins. The availability of crystallographic data of hemocyanins and recently of sweet potato catechol oxidase has improved the model of the three\u2010dimensional structure of the Tyr family. Accordingly, Tyr has a higher structural disorder than hemocyanins, particularly at the CuA site. The active site seems to be characterized by the formation of a hydrophobic pocket with a number of conserved aromatic residues sited close to the well\u2010known His. Other regions specific of the mammalian enzymes, such as the cytosolic C\u2010terminal tail, the cysteine clusters, and the N\u2010glycosylation sequons, are also discussed. The complete understanding of the Tyr copper\u2010binding domain and the characterization of the residues determinant of the relative substrate affinities of the Tyrps will improve the design of targeted mutagenesis experiments to understand the different catalytic capabilities of Tyr and Tyrps. This may assist future aims, from the design of more efficient bacterial Tyr for biotechnological applications to the design of inhibitors of undesirable fruit browning in vegetables or of color skin modulators in animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.02012.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T16:36:37Z","timestamp":1047486997000},"page":"162-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"title":["Molecular Anatomy of Tyrosinase and its Related Proteins: Beyond the Histidine\u2010Bound Metal Catalytic Center"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Borr\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.28.120194.001201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.14.1752358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","unstructured":"ProtaG D'ischiaM NapolitanoA.The chemistry of melanins and related metabolites. 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