{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:30:29Z","timestamp":1790811029870,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,3]],"date-time":"2002-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pigment Cell Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To study the relationship among tyrosinase activity, melanin production, and the routing of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons at the optic chiasm, we analysed mice with varying doses of the tyrosinase gene. These include the dark\u2010eyed albino (<jats:italic>Tyr<jats:sup>c44H<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>), a radiation\u2010induced hypomorphic allele of tyrosinase; and transgenic mice carrying 1 or 2 alleles of a tyrosinase minigene on both wild\u2010type (<jats:italic>Tyr<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) and albino (<jats:italic>Tyr<jats:sup>c<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) backgrounds. Melanization of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) occurred gradually even at &lt;2% wild\u2010type tyrosinase activity and was sensitive to tyrosinase activity up to &lt;35% of wild\u2010type levels, beyond which melanin synthesis appeared to be saturated. Overexpression of tyrosinase led to tyrosinase activity above wild type level, but did not increase melanin production. Although a loss of melanin because of a mutation in tyrosinase is associated with a decrease in the number of uncrossed fibers, elevating tyrosinase levels does not appear to cause an increase in the size of the uncrossed retinal projection. Our results suggest that replacing less than 35% of wild\u2010type tyrosinase activity is sufficient to restore normal pigmentation of the RPE, and potentially, to allay visual defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.02019.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T16:36:32Z","timestamp":1047486992000},"page":"273-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Influence of Tyrosinase Levels on Pigment Accumulation in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and on the Uncrossed Retinal Projection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rivka A.","family":"Rachel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Beermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901540302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800005794"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901820304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1098-1004(1999)13:2<99::aid-humu2>3.0.co;2-c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00109-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.108.2.223","article-title":"Melanization in albino mice transformed by introducing cloned mouse tyrosinase gene","volume":"108","author":"Tanaka S","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1994.1329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(96)00211-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-24.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0599"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.17.9055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/12715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2000.0962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.101.4.857","article-title":"Abnormally high variability in the uncrossed retinofugal pathway of mice with albino mosaicism","volume":"101","author":"Guillery RW","year":"1987","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9467"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(86)90115-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"Dark\u2010eyed albinism","volume":"81","author":"Cattanach B","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mouse News Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.4756"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06607.x","article-title":"A cell\u2010specific enhancer far upstream of the mouse tyrosinase gene confers high level and copy number\u2010related expression in transgenic mice","volume":"13","author":"Ganss R","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1993.1128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12874568"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12363621"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12476615"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-968X(200005)27:1<32::AID-GENE50>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2000.130510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1520-6408(1999)25:1<40::aid-dvg5>3.3.co;2-c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.1022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901910306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903540312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04249.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.7.2809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1985.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092120215"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","first-page":"353","article-title":"Cell proliferation during postnatal development of the retina in the mouse","volume":"353","author":"Young R.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901880205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","unstructured":"SidmanR.Histogenesis of mouse retina studied with thymidine\u2010H3. In: Smelser G. The Structure of the Eye. New York: Academic Press; 1961. pp. 487\u2013505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.108.3.515"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06389.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03716.1995"}],"container-title":["Pigment Cell Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0749.2002.02019.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0749.2002.02019.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.02019.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T19:33:42Z","timestamp":1697571222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.02019.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.02019.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.02019.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-5785","1600-0749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-5785","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,3]]}}}