{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:54:58Z","timestamp":1791039298941,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,17]],"date-time":"2002-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1040083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pineal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:<\/jats:bold> Melatonin, a derivative of an essential amino acid, tryptophan, was first identified in bovine pineal tissue and subsequently it has been portrayed exclusively as a hormone. Recently accumulated evidence has challenged this concept. Melatonin is present in the earliest life forms and is found in all organisms including bacteria, algae, fungi, plants, insects, and vertebrates including humans. Several characteristics of melatonin distinguish it from a classic hormone such as its direct, non\u2010receptor\u2010mediated free radical scavenging activity. As melatonin is also ingested in foodstuffs such as vegetables, fruits, rice, wheat and herbal medicines, from the nutritional point of view, melatonin can also be classified as a vitamin. It seems likely that melatonin initially evolved as an antioxidant, becoming a vitamin in the food chain, and in multicellular organisms, where it is produced, it has acquired autocoid, paracoid and hormonal properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2003.02111.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T08:33:02Z","timestamp":1047457982000},"page":"75-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":429,"title":["Melatonin: a hormone, a tissue factor, an autocoid, a paracoid, and an antioxidant vitamin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Dun\u2010Xian","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucien C.","family":"Manchester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Hardeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Lopez\u2010Burillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Sainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russel J.","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-45-4-768"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-12-2-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1993.tb00478.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702612"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026023394407"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19990308"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01294786"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-4900(98)80009-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_2","first-page":"379","article-title":"Involvement of nuclear receptors in the enhanced IL\u20102 production by melatonin in jurkat cells","volume":"917","author":"Guerrero JM","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm001125h"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026023394443"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0952fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.300408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90106-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1996.tb00294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90402-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(99)00250-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(89)90006-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_21_2","first-page":"564","article-title":"Retinal melatonin production: role of proteosomal proteolysis in circadian and photic control of arylakylamine N\u2010acetyltransferase","volume":"43","author":"Ivone DM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.1.8585"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(96)10005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049100600305"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_26_2","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd edn","author":"Granner DK","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80106-8_1","article-title":"Evolutionary significance of the hormone recognition capacity in unicellular organisms","volume":"17","author":"Csaba G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog Mol Subcell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_28_2","first-page":"391","article-title":"Melatonin immunoreactivity in the photosythetic prokaryote, Rhodospirillum rubrum: implications for an ancient antioxidant system","volume":"41","author":"Manchester LC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01134354"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19990311"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_32_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Melatonin: a potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger","volume":"1","author":"Tan DX","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000014635"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00353.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(01)80124-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702940"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01049-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_39_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Both melatonin and a putative nuclear melatonin receptor agonist CGP 52608 stimulate glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in mouse brain in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Pablos MI","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_40_2","first-page":"627","article-title":"Identification of melatonin in plant seed its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates","volume":"35","author":"Hattori A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2001.tb07018.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_42_2","author":"Ziegler E","year":"1996","journal-title":"Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 7th edn"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(99)00058-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pineal Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1034%2Fj.1600-079X.2003.02111.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1034%2Fj.1600-079X.2003.02111.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.02111.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T20:48:26Z","timestamp":1697316506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.02111.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.02111.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2003.02111.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3098","1600-079X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3098","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-079X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,17]]}}}